TIMELINE of Major Religious Events

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MAJOR ONLY: WORLD | RELIGIOUS | PEOPLE | ALL

MINOR & MAJOR: WORLD | RELIGIOUS | PEOPLE | ALL

B.C. | A.D. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st

Major Religious Events

c. 1450 B.C.

Mosaic LawThe Law of Moses generally refers to the first five books of the Bible which are traditionally thought to have been authored by Moses. In addition to ... more

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587 B.C.

Babylonian CaptivityThis phrase is used to describe three events: 1) the captivity of ancient Israel and exile to Babylon as related in the Old Testament; 2) the years wh... more I

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167–160 B.C.

Maccabean Revolt(167–160 B.C.) A Jewish rebellion against the Seleucid Empire which resulted in an independent Judean state which sought to diminish Hellenistic inf... more

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1st CENTURY

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c. A.D. 30

Crucifixion(A.D. 30) Jesus is crucified.

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A.D. 30

PentecostComes from the Greek word for “fifty,” and refers to the Jewish harvest festival also called the “feast of weeks,” because it was held seven w... more

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c. A.D. 50

Council of Jerusalem(c. A.D. 50) This council was called to resolve a dispute regarding the obligations of the burgeoning numbers of Gentile converts. After hearing from ... more

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A.D. 50–64

Paul’s Epistles(A.D. 50–64) The Apostle Paul writes letters which become the earliest writings recorded in the New Testament.

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A.D. 65

Gospel of Mark(A.D. 65) The earliest date that scholars believe the book of Mark was written, which is generally regarded as the first of the Four Gospels. Some sch... more

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A.D. 70

Jerusalem Temple Destroyed(A.D. 70) The Roman Army destroys the Jerusalem and the temple while quashing the Great Jewish Revolt.

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A.D. 75–95

Gospels of Matthew, Luke & John(A.D. 75–95) The timeframe scholars generally allocate for the composition of the Gospels of Matthew, Luke, and John.

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2nd CENTURY

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c. A.D. 150

Justin Martyr’s 1st ApologyJustin Martyr writes his First Apology and his Dialogue with Trypho.

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c. A.D. 165

Justin Martyr’s 2nd ApologyJustin Martyr writes his Second Apology.

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3rd CENTURY

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4th CENTURY

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4th–6th centuries

Donatist Controversyinvolves a controversy arising in Carthage at the beginning of the 4th century and lasted until the 6th century. The dispute centered on the legitimac... more

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A.D. 313

Edict of Milan(A.D. 313) Emperor Constantine I and Emperor Licinius issued the Edict of Milan which expanded on the Edict of Toleration (Edict of Serdica) and grant... more

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A.D. 314

Council of ArlesThe first Council of Arles was held in 314 to deal with the Donatist controversy regarding the right of local churches to reject bishops due to allege... more

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4th Century

Arian ControversyAn extension of Logos subordinational theology advocated by Arius, a 4th century priest in Alexandrian, which asserted that Christ was simply a creati... more

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A.D. 325

First Council of Nicaea(A.D. 325) The First Council of Nicaea (the first ecumenical council) condemns the teaching of Arius and approves a creed containing the homoousios cl... more

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A.D. 381

First Council of Constantinople(A.D. 381) The First Council of Constantinople (the second ecumenical council) approves an expanded version of the creed of Nicaea, which is today cal... more

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A.D. 381

Constantinople Creed(A.D. 381) Adopted at the Second Ecumenical Council in Constantinople, the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed expands and elaborates upon the original Ni... more

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A.D. 385

Augustine begins writing(A.D. 385) Thirty-one-year-old Augustine converts to Christianity and begins writing Christian theological works.

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5th CENTURY

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c. 405 A.D.

VulgateA Latin version of the Bible, composed in the 4th Century AD for use in the Roman Church, and which displaced a plethora of previous competing Latin t... more

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A.D. 451

Council of Chalcedona council held in Chalcedon in A.D. 451 to deal with the Nestorian controversy regarding the nature and incarnation of Christ. Some eastern churches o... more

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6th CENTURY

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A.D. 553

Second Council of Constantinople(A.D. 553) The Second Council of Constantinople which is generally accepted as the fifth ecumenical council, follows a Cyrillian interpretation of the... more

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7th CENTURY

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A.D. 681

Third Council of Constantinople duel nature of Christ(A.D. 681) The Third Council of Constantinople, which is generally accepted to be the sixth ecumenical council, rejects the teaching that there is onl... more

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8th CENTURY

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A.D. 787

Second Council of Nicaea & Veneration of icons(A.D. 787) The Second Council of Nicaea, which is generally accepted to be the seventh ecumenical council, rejects iconoclasm and declares that people... more

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9th CENTURY

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10th CENTURY

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11th CENTURY

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A.D. 1054

Great Divorce Eastern & Western Church(A.D. 1054) Western and Eastern churches official split resulting in Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.

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A.D. 1093

Anselm becomes the archbishop of Canterbury(A.D. 1093)

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A.D. 1095

Council of Clermont(A.D. 1095) Led by Pope Urban II, this council included the call to arms for the First Crusade and reaffirmed several ongoing matters within the Weste... more

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12th CENTURY

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13th CENTURY

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A.D. 1213

England a fief of the pope(A.D. 1213) King John of England makes England a fief of the pope after Pope Innocent III excommunicates him and places the country under interdict.

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A.D. 1215

4th Lateran council(A.D. 1215) The fourth Lateran council meeting at Rome establishes the medieval sacramental system, including the obligation of private confession and... more & the Sacraments

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A.D. 1232

Medieval InquisitionThe first of the primary inquisitions was the medieval, which began in 13th century).

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A.D. 1256

Thomas Aquinas begins teaching(A.D. 1256) Thomas Aquinas begins teaching at the University of Paris.

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14th CENTURY

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A.D. 1302

Bull Unam SanctamIs the title of a bull issued by Boniface VIII (A.D. 1302) that declared the superiority of the pope over all powers (secular as well as spiritual) on... more

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A.D. 1309

Babylonian CaptivityThis phrase is used to describe three events: 1) the captivity of ancient Israel and exile to Babylon as related in the Old Testament; 2) the years wh... more II

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A.D. 1309–1377

Avignon Papacy(A.D. 1309–1377) The pope moves to resides in the French city of Avignon rather than Rome creating the period known as the “Babylonian Captivity... more

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A.D. 1378–1417

Great Schismrefers to the period between A.D. 1378 and 1417 when multiple individuals claimed to be the rightful pope, which ended with the Council of Constance.

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15th CENTURY

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A.D. 1414–1418

Council of Constance(A.D. 1414 – 1418) This council was held between 1414 and 1418 that finally ended the Great Schism. The council deposed two of the three popes and a... more ends the Great Schismrefers to the period between A.D. 1378 and 1417 when multiple individuals claimed to be the rightful pope, which ended with the Council of Constance.

A.D. 1414–1418 The Council of Constance(A.D. 1414 – 1418) This council was held between 1414 and 1418 that finally ended the Great Schismrefers to the period between A.D. 1378 and 1417 when multiple individuals claimed to be the rightful pope, which ended with the Council of Constance.. The council deposed two of the three popes and a... more ends the Great Schismrefers to the period between A.D. 1378 and 1417 when multiple individuals claimed to be the rightful popeThe Roman Catholic bishop of Rome who is regarded as the successor of the chief apostle, Peter, and as the Vicar of Christ is the holder of the Aposto... more, which ended with the Council of Constance(A.D. 1414 – 1418) This council was held between 1414 and 1418 that finally ended the Great Schism. The council deposed two of the three popes and a... more. of rival popes by appointing a new popeThe Roman Catholic bishopA person holding the ecclesiastical office that exerciseds authority over the laity and priests in a geographical area called a “diocese” where th... more of Rome who is regarded as the successor of the chief apostle, PeterPeter (c. A.D. 1–65) was a Jewish fisherman, chosen by Jesus to be one of his 12 Apostles. Peter was a critical witness to many events in Jesus’ l... more, and as the Vicar of ChristDerived from a Greek term meaning anointed and is equivalent to the word “messiah” from Hebrew roots. The anointing references the act of installi... more is the holder of the Aposto... more, condemns…

A.D. 1439

Council of Florence defines sacraments(A.D. 1439) The Council of Florence further defines the medieval sacramental system specifies all seven sacraments.

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A.D. 1478

Spanish Inquisition(A.D. 1478) Ferdinand and Isabella begin the Spanish Inquisition to establish and maintain Catholic orthodoxy in the Iberian Peninsula.

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16th CENTURY

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16th century

ReformationA revolutionary religious movement during the 16th century Europe that initially sought to reform the Roman Catholic Church but led to the emergence o... more

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A.D. 1503–1513

Julius II “the Terrifying”(A.D. 1503–1513) Reign of Pope Julius II who was called the "warrior pope" and "the Terrifying" ("il Terribile").

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A.D. 1506

Indulgences(A.D. 1506) Pope Julius II lays the foundation of a new St. Peter’s basilica in the Vatican, which was funded in part by indulgences sold in Germany... more

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A.D. 1516

Erasmus New Testament(A.D. 1516) Erasmus publishes the first printed edition of the New Testament that is critical of the official Vulgate translation. Luther uses it in h... more

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October 31, 1517

Luther posts his 95 Theses(October 31, 1517) Luther posts his Ninety-five Theses on the church door in Wittenberg announcing an academic disputation (debate) about the theology... more

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January 1519

Zwingli begins Preaching(January 1519) Huldrych Zwingli begins preaching in Zurich (January).

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June-July 1519

Luther debates Eck(June-July 1519) Luther debates Johann Eck at the Leipzig Disputation who pushes Luther toward the doctrine of scripture alone (“sola scriptura”) ... more

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A.D. 1520

Luther’s major Treatises(A.D. 1520) Luther publishes his four most important theological treatises laying out the theological basis for protestant doctrine and his dispute wi... more

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A.D. 1520

Luther breaks with Rome(A.D. 1520) Luther publicly breaks with Rome in December when he burns the papal bull, together with papal decretals and canon law.

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A.D. 1520

Babylonian CaptivityThis phrase is used to describe three events: 1) the captivity of ancient Israel and exile to Babylon as related in the Old Testament; 2) the years wh... more III

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A.D. 1521

Diet of Worms(A.D. 1521) Luther testified before the emperor Charles V (the Civil authority who could execute physical penalties for heresy) at the Diet of Worms i... more

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A.D. 1522

Reformed Theology(A.D. 1522) Ulrich Zwingli begins publishing his writings in Zürich and begins the Reformed tradition of theology.

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A.D. 1522

Luther’s German New Testament(A.D. 1522) Luther publishes his German translation of the New Testament in September.

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A.D. 1523

Zurich accepts Reformed Theology(A.D. 1523) Following the First Zurich Disputation in January and a Second Disputation in October, the Zurich city accepts Zwingli’s Protestantism a... more

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A.D. 1524–1525

Great Peasant War in Germany(A.D. 1524–1525)

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A.D. 1524

Erasmus Freedom of the Will(A.D. 1524) Erasmus publishes his book, Freedom of the Will, against Luther’s doctrines.

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A.D. 1525

Anabaptists executed(A.D. 1525) The first Anabaptists are executed in Switzerland.

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A.D. 1525

Luther’s Bondage of the Will(A.D. 1525) Luther publishes Bondage of the Will, his response to Erasmus’s Freedom of the Will.

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A.D. 1525

First Adult Baptism(A.D. 1525) In January, the first adult baptisms occur in Zurich in defiance with city law and marks the beginning of the Anabaptist (re-baptism) move... more

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A.D. 1526

Tyndale’s English New Testament

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A.D. 1527

Schleitheim Articles(A.D. 1527) Michael Sattler publishes the most important confessional document of the early Anabaptists, the Schleitheim Articles that articulate the ... more

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A.D. 1529

Protestant Title(A.D. 1529) At the Diet of Speyer, Lutheran princes lodge a formal protest against the enforcement of the Edict of Worms, thus giving birth to the nam... more

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A.D. 1529

Marburg ColloquyMeetings held between Luther and Zwingli and their respective supporters in 1529 in an attempt to the unify doctrinal beliefs of the Protestant moveme... more

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A.D. 1529

Turks invade Europe

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A.D. 1530

Diet of Augsburg(A.D. 1530) The Diet, resembling a form of Medieval Great Council for the Holy Roman Empire, was convened irregularly at different locations. Notably,... more

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A.D. 1531

Schmalkald League(A.D. 1531) Protestant princes form the political and military alliance in Germany called the “Schmalkald League” for a defense against the likeli... more

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A.D. 1534

Affair of the Placards(A.D. 1534) The Affair of the Placards turns King of France against his previous open-minded approach to religious reforms and leads to intensified me... more

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A.D. 1534–1535

City of Münster(A.D. 1534–1535) Revolutionary Anabaptists take over the city of Münster in an attempt to create a utopia in anticipation of the second coming of C... more

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A.D. 1534

royal supremacy(A.D. 1534) A law enacted by the English Parliament in 1534 at Henry VIII’s behest that made the king the supreme head of the Church in England. The... more

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A.D. 1534

Act of SupremacyAct passed in 1534 by Parliament under Henry VIII’s direction declaring the king to be, “the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England,...

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A.D. 1534

Ignatius Loyola begins(A.D. 1534) Ignatius Loyola assembles his first followers in Paris.

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A.D. 1536

John Calvin(A.D. 1509-1564) French Protestant theologian who lived most of his adult life in Geneva. He was the most influential figure in Reformed theology and ... more<Calvin begins his work(A.D. 1536) John Calvin begins his work as a reformed pastor, teacher, and theologian in Geneva, shortly after he publishes his first edition of Insti... more

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A.D. 1536

Wittenberg ConcordMartin Bucer works out a compromise (A.D. 1536) regarding the Lord’s Supper known as the Wittenberg Concord between Luther and the Reformed Traditio... more

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A.D. 1536

Menno Simons is baptized(A.D. 1536) Menno Simons is baptized and begins ministering among the surviving Dutch Anabaptists after the Anabaptist fiasco in the city of Münster ... more

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A.D. 1540

Jesuits order(A.D. 1540) Pope Paul III formally approves of The Jesuits order.

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A.D. 1541

Calvin back in Geneva(A.D. 1541) Calvin is invited back to Geneva and publishes his treatise, Institutes, in French. Geneva city council accepts his Ecclesiastical Ordinan... more

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A.D. 1542

Roman Inquisition(A.D. 1542) refers to the final primary inquisition known as the Roman Inquisition which commenced in 1542.

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A.D. 1545–1563

Council of Trent(A.D. 1545–1563) The Roman Catholic council of bishops held in the city of Trent near the border Austria and Italy over two decades between 1543 and... more begins

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A.D. 1547

Schmalkaldic war(A.D. 1547) Emperor Charles V defeats Protestant princes of Germany in the Schmalkaldic war. John Frederick, the Electoral Saxony and protector of Lut... more

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A.D. 1548

Augsburg InterimCharles V imposes the oppressive Augsburg Interim (A.D. 1548) on the subjugated Lutheran principalities in Germany and restores the Roman Catholic Chu... more

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A.D. 1549

Book of Common PrayerThe official prayer book of the Church of England and is the basis for their common beliefs. It was first published under King Edward VI in 1549, with... more

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A.D. 1553

Mary Tudor becomes Queen of EnglandMary Tudor becomes queen of England (A.D. 1553) and restores Roman Catholicism after the death of Edward VI.

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A.D. 1555

Peace of AugsburgIs the treaty reached between the emperor Charles V and the German princes in A.D. 1555 that allowed for the existence of Lutheran churches under the ... more

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A.D. 1555

Calvinist Churches in France and the Netherlands(A.D. 1555) The first organized Calvinist Reformed churches are established in France and the Low Countries.

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A.D. 1558

John Knox(A.D. 1513–24 Nov 1572) Scottish minister who introduced Calvinist Reformed Protestant movement to Scotland, which became the Presbyterian Church.Knox publishes(A.D. 1558) Scotland’s John Knox publishes several treatises in Geneva.

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A.D. 1558

Elizabeth I becomes queen of England(A.D. 1558) Mary Tudor dies and Elizabeth I becomes queen of England.

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A.D. 1559–1663

Elizabethan Settlement(A.D. 1559–1663) Refers to Queen Elizabeth I’s rejection of Roman Catholicism while limiting the reformation of the English Church essentially cre... more

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A.D. 1562

Massacre of Vassy(A.D. 1562) The Massacre of Vassy inaugurates the French Wars of Religion.

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A.D. 1562

Council of Trent reconvenesThe Council of Trent reconvenes in March but is suspended a year later.

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A.D. 1563

Counter-Reformation(A.D. 1563) The efforts of the Catholic Church to counter-act, denounce and undo the changes brought about by the Protestant Reformation.

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A.D. 1563

Council of Trent concludes its work(A.D. 1563)

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A.D. 1563

39 Articles(A.D. 1563) Queen Elizabeth I issues the 39 Articles, the official confessional document of the Church of England.

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A.D. 1572

Theresa of Avila(A.D. 1572) Theresa of Avila discusses how she realized the ultimate state of inner union with God that is possible in this life. John of the Cross ac... more

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A.D. 1577

Religious Tolerance in the Netherlands(A.D. 1577) William I of Orange provides for Anabaptists to be tolerated in the Netherlands.

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A.D. 1580

Book of Concord(A.D. 1580) The Formula of Concord is published as the Book of Concord together with other Lutheran confessional documents, including The Augsburg Con... more

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A.D. 1580

Formula of Concord(A.D. 1580) refers to The Formula of Concord which is a Luthern statement of faith written in 1580 that settled various doctrinal disputes within the ... more

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A.D. 1598–1607

Molinists and Thomists(A.D. 1598–1607) Catholics debate Molinists and Thomists positions on the help of grace without conclusion and appeal to the pope who allows both po... more

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17th CENTURY

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A.D. 1609

BaptistThe first English Baptist congregation is created (A.D. 1609) out of a Puritan Separatist congregation that is meeting in exile in the Netherlands. Th... more

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A.D. 1618–1619

Arminianism(A.D. 1618–1619) Reformed theologians reject Arminianism and formulate the five points of Calvinism at the Synod of Dordt in Holland. A Protestant t... more

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A.D. 1618

Defenestration of Prague(A.D. 1618) The Defenestration of Prague triggers the Thirty Years’ War.

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A.D. 1619

Synod of Dordtwas a conference of Dutch Reformed theologians held in A.D. 1619 to address Arminianism and formulated the five points of classic Calvinism, represent... more

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A.D. 1646

Presbyterian church(A.D. 1646) England establishes a Presbyterian church order after the parliamentarian victory in the first civil war.

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A.D. 1647

Westminster Confession accepted(A.D. 1647) Parliament accepts the Westminster Confession which becomes the most important Reformed confessional document originally written in Englis... more

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A.D. 1648

Peace of Westphalia(A.D. 1648) The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years’ War in Germany. It reinstitutes the Peace of Augsburg and includes various forms of the R... more

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A.D. 1648

Cambridge Platform(A.D. 1648) The Cambridge Platform in New England establishes the Congregationalist form of church governance.

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A.D. 1649

Charles I is executed(A.D. 1649) England is proclaimed a Republic when King Charles I is executed by order of the Rump Parliament.

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A.D. 1650–1800

EnlightenmentA broad term for 18th century European intellectual developments, including deism and other movements critical of orthodox Christianity, that are char... more

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A.D. 1650

Quakers(A.D. 1650) The Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers, form in England based on the preaching of George Fox.

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A.D. 1653

Pope condemns Jansenism(A.D. 1653) The Jansenist controversy comes to a head in France when the pope condemns five propositions based on Jansen’s book, Augustinus.

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A.D. 1654

Tolerant state church in England(A.D. 1654) Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, establishes an inclusive and tolerant state church.

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A.D. 1660

English Monarchy reestablished(A.D. 1660) The English Republic falls and the monarchy and the Church of England are restored to their prerevolutionary positions.

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A.D. 1662

Halfway Covenant(A.D. 1662) Puritan Congregationalist churches in 1662 modified their policy of only allowing baptized individuals who could adequately demonstrate th... more

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A.D. 1675

Pietist movement(A.D. 1675) Lutheran pastor Philipp Jakob Spener inaugurates the Pietist movement in Germany when he publishes his book Pia Desideria (“Pious Desire... more

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A.D. 1687

Quietism condemned(A.D. 1687) The Roman Catholic Church condemns Quietism that sprung out of the teachings of John the Cross and Theresa of Avila.

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A.D. 1689

Act of Toleration(A.D. 1689) The Act of Toleration in England legalizes Protestant churches that dissent from the established Church of England.

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A.D. 1696

Deism begins

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18th CENTURY

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A.D. 1734

Jonathan EdwardsJonathan Edwards (A. D. 1703-1758) Puritan minister, Calvinist theologian, the first American theorist of revival, and leader of the Great Awakening i... more ushers in revivals

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A.D. 1739

John Wesley begins(A.D. 1739) John Wesley begins his career as itinerant preacher of revival and leader of the Methodist movement in England.

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A.D. 1740

First Great Awakening(A.D. 1740) The influential revival movement known as the First Great Awakening begins to spread throughout New England and endures in various forms f... more

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A.D. 1799

Liberal TheologyIs a major theological movement beginning in German universities in the early 19th century that is critical of orthodox dogmas and turned to experienc... more

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19th CENTURY

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A.D. 1824

Second Great Awakening(A.D. 1824) Charles Finney replaces some of Jonathan Edwards’s Revivalist theology with “new measures” based on Wesleyan’s increased emphasis ... more

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A.D. 1832

Dispensationalist theologyA theological movement popular among conservative, evangelical Christians in the 19th and 20th centuries that divides history into a series of time pe... more

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A.D. 1834

Spanish Inquisition Ends(A.D. 1834) The Spanish Inquisition is definitively ended after a decline in local support over an approximate 50 year period.

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A.D. 1836

Holiness tradition(A.D. 1836) Methodist teacher Phoebe Palmer inaugurating the Holiness by holding Tuesday Night Meetings in her home in New York City.

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A.D. 1854

Immaculate ConceptionA Roman Catholic tradition that that the Virgin Mary was conceived without original sin. This doctrine was formally accepted by Pope Pius IX in A.D. 1... more

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A.D. 1864

Syllabus of Errors(A.D. 1864) Pope Pius IX publishes the Syllabus of Errors, which denounce many modern beliefs such as freedom of religion.

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A.D. 1869–1870

Vatican I(A.D. 1869–1870) The ecumenical council of Roman Catholic bishops called and presided over by Pope Pius IX that was held between 1869–1870, and at... more

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A.D. 1870

National Camp Meeting Association for the Promotion of Holiness(A.D. 1870) The First Vatican Council officially adopts the doctrine of papal infallibility as well as the doctrine that God can be known through natu... more

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A.D. 1875

Keswick(A.D. 1875) The Keswick movement begins in a meeting of Presbyterians and Anglicans in Keswick, England. The movement developed out of the non-Methodi... more movement

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A.D. 1879

Aeterni Patris(A.D. 1879) Pope Leo XIII’s encyclical Aeterni Patris promotes “the restoration of Christian philosophy according to the mind of Saint Thomas Aqui... more

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20th CENTURY

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A.D. 1906

Quest of the Historical Jesus(A.D. 1906) Albert Schweitzer publishes The Quest of the Historical Jesus, and claims that the historical Jesus was simple an eschatological prophet b... more

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