TIMELINE of All Religious Events

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All Religious Events

A.D. 1530

Augsburg ConfessionThe founding document of the Lutheran church, composed by Philip Melanchthon and presented by the Lutheran princes to the emperor Charles V at the Die... more

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A.D. 1530

Diet of Augsburg(A.D. 1530) The Diet, resembling a form of Medieval Great Council for the Holy Roman Empire, was convened irregularly at different locations. Notably,... more

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A.D. 1531

Schmalkald League(A.D. 1531) Protestant princes form the political and military alliance in Germany called the “Schmalkald League” for a defense against the likeli... more

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A.D. 1531

War Between CantonsThe reformation movement spread to several cantons (geo-political territories like states or counties). Cantons loyal to Catholicism place an embargo ... more

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A.D. 1531

Anabaptist pause in Holland(A.D. 1531) Melchior Hoffman declares a moratorium on adult baptisms in an attempt to appease his powerful opponents. more

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A.D. 1531

Zwingli Killed(A.D. 1531) Zwingli is killed in the battle of Kappel in Switzerland. more

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A.D. 1531

Dutch Anabaptists executed(A.D. 1531) The first Dutch Anabaptists are executed. more

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A.D. 1532

Truce of Nuremberg(A.D. 1532) The Holy Roman Emperor, in response to a military offensive by the Ottoman Empire, made a temporary peace with Protestant nobles who had a... more

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A.D. 1532

Thomas More(A.D. 1532) Henry VIII gains control over the English clergy, which inspires Thomas More to resign as Lord Chancellor. more

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A.D. 1533

Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn(A.D. 1533) Henry VIII secretly marries Anne Boleyn, ecclesiastical appeals to Rome are outlawed, Thomas Cranmer is appointed Archbishop of Canterbury... more

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A.D. 1533

Anabaptist growth in Netherlands(A.D. 1533) Adult baptisms resume in the Netherlands and their number proliferates rapidly. more

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A.D. 1534–1535

City of Münster(A.D. 1534–1535) Revolutionary Anabaptists take over the city of Münster in an attempt to create a utopia in anticipation of the second coming of C... more

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A.D. 1534

Ignatius Loyola begins(A.D. 1534) Ignatius Loyola assembles his first followers in Paris. more

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A.D. 1534

Affair of the Placards(A.D. 1534) The Affair of the Placards turns King of France against his previous open-minded approach to religious reforms and leads to intensified me... more

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A.D. 1534

royal supremacy(A.D. 1534) A law enacted by the English Parliament in 1534 at Henry VIII’s behest that made the king the supreme head of the Church in England. The... more

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A.D. 1534

Luther’s Complete German Bible(A.D. 1534) Luther publishes his complete German Bible. more

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A.D. 1534

Act of SupremacyAct passed in 1534 by Parliament under Henry VIII’s direction declaring the king to be, “the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England,... more

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A.D. 1534–1549

Reign of Pope Paul III(A.D 1534–1549) more

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A.D. 1535

Ursulines(A.D. 1535) The female Catholic religious order called The Ursulines is established by Angela Merici. more

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A.D. 1535

Luther’s Galatians commentary(A.D. 1535) Luther's doctrine of justification is more fully articulated in his lectures that form the basis of his "great" Galatians commentary which... more

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A.D. 1535

English Catholics Executed(A.D. 1535) Thomas More, John Fisher, and several Roman Catholic priests and monks are executed for refusing to take the English oath of supremacy. more

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A.D. 1536

Wittenberg Concord more

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A.D. 1536

English Monasteries dissolved(A.D. 1536) King Henry VIII begins to suppress and dissolve the English monasteries. more

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A.D. 1536

Erasmus dies(A.D. 1536) Erasmus, the prince of the humanist, dies. more

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A.D. 1536

Calvin begins his work(A.D. 1536) John Calvin begins his work as a reformed pastor, teacher, and theologian in Geneva, shortly after he publishes his first edition of Insti... more

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A.D. 1536

Menno Simons is baptized(A.D. 1536) Menno Simons is baptized and begins ministering among the surviving Dutch Anabaptists after the Anabaptist fiasco in the city of Münster ... more

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A.D. 1537

Concilium de emendanda ecclesia(A.D. 1537) The papally commissioned Concilium de emendanda ecclesia denounces abuses and urges reforms in the Roman Catholic Church. more

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A.D. 1538

Calvin is exiled(A.D. 1538) John Calvin is exiled from the city of Geneva and moves to Strasbourg. more

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A.D. 1538

Thomas Becket Shrine destroyed(A.D. 1538) The shrine of Thomas Becket of Canterbury is destroyed by a mob in England. more

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A.D. 1539

Act of Abolishing Diversity of Opinion more

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A.D. 1539

Act of the Six Articles(A.D. 1539) The Act of the Six Articles reinforces Henry VIII’s hostility to Protestantism in England. more

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A.D. 1540

Jesuits order(A.D. 1540) Pope Paul III formally approves of The Jesuits order. more

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A.D. 1541

Calvin back in Geneva(A.D. 1541) Calvin is invited back to Geneva and publishes his treatise, Institutes, in French. Geneva city council accepts his Ecclesiastical Ordinan... more

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A.D. 1541

Diet of Regensburg(A.D. 1541) Lutheran and Catholic theologians meet at the Diet of Regensburg and agree on a formula for justification but remain divided on other doct... more

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A.D. 1542

Roman Inquisition(A.D. 1542) refers to the final primary inquisition known as the Roman Inquisition which commenced in 1542. more

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A.D. 1544

Ursulines approved(A.D. 1544) Pope Paul II formally approved of the Ursulines. more

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A.D. 1544

Peace of Crépy(A.D. 1544) Charles V and Francis I are able to devote more attention to the suppression of heresy after they settle their dispute and enter into The ... more

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A.D. 1544

Jesuits College(A.D. 1544) The Jesuits establish their first college in Germany. more

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A.D. 1545–1563

Council of Trent(A.D. 1545–1563) The Roman Catholic council of bishops held in the city of Trent near the border Austria and Italy over two decades between 1543 and... more begins

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A.D. 1546

Inquisition in the Netherlands(A.D. 1546) Charles V reorganizes the Inquisition in the Low Countries. more

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A.D. 1546

Luther dies(A.D. 1546) Luther dies while visiting his home town to mediate a dispute between local aristocrats. more

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A.D. 1547

Schmalkaldic war(A.D. 1547) Emperor Charles V defeats Protestant princes of Germany in the Schmalkaldic war. John Frederick, the Electoral Saxony and protector of Lut... more

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A.D. 1547

Council of Trent is suspended(A.D. 1547) more

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A.D. 1547

Edward VI(A.D. 1547) England establishes a Protestant regime under the boy-king Edward VI after the death of Henry VIII, Many English Catholics flee to the Con... more

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A.D. 1547

Chambre Ardente(A.D. 1547) Henry II establishes the chambre ardente in France after the death of Francis I. more

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A.D. 1548

Augsburg InterimCharles V imposes the oppressive Augsburg Interim (A.D. 1548) on the subjugated Lutheran principalities in Germany and restores the Roman Catholic Chu... more

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A.D. 1549

Book of Common PrayerThe official prayer book of the Church of England and is the basis for their common beliefs. It was first published under King Edward VI in 1549, with... more

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A.D. 1549

Francis Xavier(A.D. 1549) Francis Xavier, a Jesuit, becomes the first Catholic missionary to Japan. more

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A.D. 1549

Reformed Efforts in England(A.D. 1549) The Church of England adopts Reformed Protestant measures. more

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A.D. 1550

Bloody Placard(A.D. 1550) In the Netherlands Charles V issues the century’s most comprehensive anti-heresy legislation known as the “Bloody Placard.” more

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A.D. 1551

Edict of Chateaubriand(A.D. 1551) Henry II issues France’s most extensive anti-heresy edict known as the Edict of Chateaubriand. more

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A.D. 1552

Cranmer’s Book of Common Prayer(A.D. 1552) Thomas Cranmer's publishes his Book of Common Prayer in England. more

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A.D. 1552

Jesuits German College in Rome(A.D. 1552) Jesuits establish the German College in Rome to train parish priests for Germany in an attempt to counter the Lutheran influence. more

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A.D. 1553

Mary Tudor becomes Queen of EnglandMary Tudor becomes queen of England (A.D. 1553) and restores Roman Catholicism after the death of Edward VI. more

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A.D. 1554

Mary Tudor marries Philip IIA.D. 1554 Mary Tudor marries Philip II of Spain. Catholic Reginald Pole returns from Italy to become the Archbishop of Canterbury and many Protestants... more

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A.D. 1555

England executes Protestants(A.D. 1555) England begins to execute unrepentant Protestants. more

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A.D. 1555

Paul IV becomes the new pope(A.D. 1555) more

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A.D. 1555

Peace of AugsburgIs the treaty reached between the emperor Charles V and the German princes in A.D. 1555 that allowed for the existence of Lutheran churches under the ... more

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A.D. 1555

Calvinist Churches in France and the Netherlands(A.D. 1555) The first organized Calvinist Reformed churches are established in France and the Low Countries. more

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A.D. 1555

Mennonites and Waterlanders split(A.D. 1555) Mennonites and Waterlanders begin to split over the issue of banning and shunning. more

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A.D. 1556

Ignatius Loyola dies(A.D. 1556) more

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A.D 1556

Charles V(A.D. 1500–1558) Charles V ruled over an extensive Empire, including the Holy Roman Empire, the Kingdom of Spain and it’s American territories, th... more abdicates

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A.D. 1558

John Knox publishes(A.D. 1558) Scotland’s John Knox publishes several treatises in Geneva. more

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A.D. 1558

Elizabeth I becomes queen of England(A.D. 1558) Mary Tudor dies and Elizabeth I becomes queen of England. more

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A.D. 1559

Francis II king of France(A.D. 1559) Henry II of France dies and is succeeded by Francis II. more

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A.D. 1559

Protestants in England(A.D. 1559) Protestantism is reestablished in England under Queen Elizabeth I more

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A.D. 1559

John Knox in Scotland(A.D. 1559) John Knox returns to Scotland and leads a Protestant rebellion. more

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A.D. 1559

Huguenots(A.D. 1559) French Huguenots hold their first national synod in Paris more

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A.D. 1559–1663

Elizabethan Settlement(A.D. 1559–1663) Refers to Queen Elizabeth I’s rejection of Roman Catholicism while limiting the reformation of the English Church essentially cre... more

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A.D. 1559

Act of Uniformity more

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A.D. 1559

Pius IV becomes pope(A.D. 1559) more

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A.D. 1560

Francis II of France dies(A.D. 1560) more

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A.D. 1560

Scotland Protestant Rule(A.D. 1560) England’s military intervention in Scotland against France allows Scotland to adopt Protestantism through the Reformation Parliament. more

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A.D. 1550–1565

Vestiarian controversy(A.D. 1550–1565) Marked the emergence of the Puritan movement in the 1560s when various members of the Church of England objected to the clergy’s ... more

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A.D. 1561

Frederick III(A.D. 1463–1525) was an Elector from Saxony who famously protected Martin Luther from the Holy Roman Emperor, the Pope, and others. Although Frederi... more

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A.D. 1561

Colloquy of Poissy(A.D. 1561) French Catholics and Huguenots fail to reach a settlement at the Colloquy of Poissy. more

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A.D. 1561

Mary Stuart in Scotland(A.D. 1561) Mary Stuart returns to Scotland from France. more

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A.D. 1562

Council of Trent reconvenesThe Council of Trent reconvenes in March but is suspended a year later. more

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A.D. 1562

Massacre of Vassy(A.D. 1562) The Massacre of Vassy inaugurates the French Wars of Religion. more

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A.D. 1563

39 Articles(A.D. 1563) Queen Elizabeth I issues the 39 Articles, the official confessional document of the Church of England. more

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A.D. 1563

Counter-Reformation(A.D. 1563) The efforts of the Catholic Church to counter-act, denounce and undo the changes brought about by the Protestant Reformation. more

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A.D. 1563

Council of Trent concludes its work(A.D. 1563) more

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A.D. 1563

Heidelberg Catechism is published(A.D. 1563) more

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A.D. 1564

John Calvin dies(A.D. 1564) more

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A.D. 1564

Tridentine canons(A.D. 1564) The pope approves the Tridentine canons and decrees. more

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A.D. 1565

Carlo Borromeo becomes the Archbishop of Milan(A.D. 1565) more

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A.D. 1566

Pius V becomes pope(A.D. 1566) more

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A.D. 1566

Compromise of the Nobility(A.D. 1566) The Compromise of the Nobility, which mitigated anti-heresy measures, leads to the Iconoclastic Fury in the Low Countries . more

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A.D. 1567

Frisian and Flemish Mennonites split(A.D. 1567) Frisian and Flemish Mennonites in the Netherlands separate. more

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A.D. 1567

Baianism(A.D. 1567) The Roman Catholic Church condemns the teachings of church theologian Michael Baius (“Baianism”). more

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A.D. 1567

Mary Stuart abdicates the throne of Scotland(A.D. 1567) more

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A.D. 1567

Council of Troubles(A.D. 1567) The Duke of Alva arrives in the Netherlands and punishes the Dutch for the iconoclastic fury through the Council of Troubles that he estab... more

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A.D. 1568

Dutch Revolt(A.D. 1568) William of Orange leads the Dutch Revolt against Spain that was provoked by the Spanish Duke of Alva’s harsh measures in his Council of ... more

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A.D. 1568

English Catholic seminary in France(A.D. 1568) William Allen establishes the English seminary in France to train priests to work in England in anticipation that England will eventually ... more

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A.D. 1571

Synod of Dutch Calvinist(A.D. 1571) Emden hosts an important synod of Dutch Calvinist refugees. more

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A.D. 1572

St. Bartholomew’s Day massacres(A.D. 1572) Catholics kill several thousand Huguenots in France's St. Bartholomew's Day massacres. more

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A.D. 1572

Theresa of Avila(A.D. 1572) Theresa of Avila discusses how she realized the ultimate state of inner union with God that is possible in this life. John of the Cross ac... more

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A.D 1572

Gregory XIII becomes pope(A.D. 1572) more

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A.D. 1572

Sea Beggars(A.D. 1572) The Dutch Calvinist “Sea Beggars” lead an offensive that liberates Holland from Spanish control. more

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A.D 1574

Henry III becomes king of France(A.D. 1574) more

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A.D. 1574

Catholic Missionaries in England

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A.D. 1576

Spanish sack Netherlands(A.D. 1576) Unpaid Spanish soldiers mutiny and sack Antwerp in the Netherlands. more

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A.D. 1577

Religious Tolerance in the Netherlands(A.D. 1577) William I of Orange provides for Anabaptists to be tolerated in the Netherlands. more

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A.D. 1578

English College in Rome(A.D. 1578) Gregory XIII reestablishes the English College in Rome for the express purpose of training more English missionary priests. more

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A.D. 1579

Union of Utrecht(A.D. 1579) The Union of Utrecht establishes the Dutch Republic from the northern provinces of the Low Countries. more

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A.D. 1580

Book of Concord(A.D. 1580) The Formula of Concord is published as the Book of Concord together with other Lutheran confessional documents, including The Augsburg Con... more

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A.D. 1580

Formula of Concord(A.D. 1580) refers to The Formula of Concord which is a Luthern statement of faith written in 1580 that settled various doctrinal disputes within the ... more

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A.D. 1581

Act of Abjuration(A.D. 1581) The Dutch Act of Abjuration formally rejects the authority of Philip II over the Dutch Republic. more

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A.D. 1582

Catholic mission begins in Holland(A.D. 1582) more

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A.D. 1582

Matteo Ricci, a Jesuit missionary, enters China(A.D. 1582) more

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A.D. 1584

Catholic League in France(A.D. 1584) The Catholic League in France is reinvigorated when the Duke of Anjou dies leaving the Huguenot Henry de Navarre as next in line to the th... more

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A.D. 1584

William of Orange is assassinated(A.D. 1584) The Dutch revolutionary, William of Orange, is assassinated in Delft. more

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A.D. 1585

Southern Netherlands Catholic(A.D. 1585) Alessandro Farnese gains control of the southern Netherlands for Spain. more

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A.D. 1588

Edict of Union(A.D. 1588) As part of the last of France’s Wars of Religion, King Henry III was obliged to sign the Edict of Union, uniting himself to the Catholic... more

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A.D. 1588

Guises family assassinated(A.D. 1588) At Henry III’s request, many of the French Guises family are assassinated. more

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A.D. 1589

Henry III is assassinated(A.D. 1589) Henry III is assassinated in France as retaliation for the murder of the Guises that he ordered, resulting in the Protestant Henry de Nava... more

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A.D. 1593

Henry de Navarre converts to Catholicism(A.D. 1593) In a compromise with the Catholic League, Henry de Navarre converts to Catholicism and assumes the French throne as Henry IV. more

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A.D. 1598–1607

Molinists and Thomists(A.D. 1598–1607) Catholics debate Molinists and Thomists positions on the help of grace without conclusion and appeal to the pope who allows both po... more

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A.D. 1598

Edict of Nantes(A.D. 1598) The French Wars of Religion end with the Edict of Nantes that establishes limited toleration of Huguenots in France. more

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A.D. 1598-1607

Congregatio de Auxiliiswas a series of formal debates held in Rome between 1598–1607 regarding the nature and extent of divine grace in an effort to resolve a bitter contr... more

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17th CENTURY

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A.D. 1603

Tudor Line(A.D. 1603) The English crown passes from the Tudor to the Stuart line upon the death of James I. more

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A.D. 1608

Protestant Union(A.D. 1608) The Protestant Union is formed under the leadership of Frederick IV to counter aggressive Catholicism in the Holy Roman Empire. more

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A.D. 1609

BaptistThe first English Baptist congregation is created (A.D. 1609) out of a Puritan Separatist congregation that is meeting in exile in the Netherlands. Th... more

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A.D. 1609

Catholic League in Germany(A.D. 1609) Maximilian of Bavaria establishes the Catholic League in Germany in response to the establishment of the Protestant Union. more

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A.D. 1609

Jesuits in South America(A.D. 1609) Jesuit establish their first Reductions in South America. more

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A.D. 1616

Treatise on the Love of God(A.D. 1616) Francis de Sales publishes his major work, Treatise on the Love of God. more

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A.D. 1618–1619

Arminianism(A.D. 1618–1619) Reformed theologians reject Arminianism and formulate the five points of Calvinism at the Synod of Dordt in Holland. A Protestant t... more

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A.D. 1618

Defenestration of Prague(A.D. 1618) The Defenestration of Prague triggers the Thirty Years’ War. more

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A.D. 1618-1648

Thirty Years’ War(A.D. 1618-1648) A very bloody war fought in central Europe from A.D. 1618 to 1648 over religious, political and economic issues. The war ended when T... more

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A.D. 1619

Synod of Dordtwas a conference of Dutch Reformed theologians held in A.D. 1619 to address Arminianism and formulated the five points of classic Calvinism, represent... more

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A.D. 1620

Battle of the White Mountain(A.D. 1620) Catholic forces under Johann Tilly win a decisive victory over Protestants in the Battle of the White Mountain. more

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A.D. 1622

Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith(A.D. 1622) Pope Gregory XV tries to centralize Catholic missionary efforts by creating the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith. more

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A.D. 1629

Edict of Restitution(A.D. 1629) The Edict of Restitution signals the height of the Counter-Reformation during the Thirty Years’ War. more

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A.D. 1629

Huguenots lose(A.D. 1629) The Huguenots lose their final military stronghold In France. more

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A.D. 1629

Charles I rules England(A.D. 1629) Charles I begins to rule in England. Many English are concerned with his Catholic leanings. more

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A.D. 1631

Battle of Breitenfeld(A.D. 1631) Protestant forces win a major victory under the Swedish King, Gustavus Adolphus, at the Battle of Breitenfeld. more

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A.D. 1632

Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus dies(A.D. 1524) more

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A.D. 1635

Peace of Prague(A.D. 1635) The Peace of Prague ends the Swedish participation in the Thirty Years’ War. more

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A.D. 1640

Short Parliament & Long Parliament

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A.D. 1642

English Civil War(A.D. 1642) The first civil war begins in England, between forces loyal to the King and the parliamentarians. more

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A.D. 1646

Presbyterian church(A.D. 1646) England establishes a Presbyterian church order after the parliamentarian victory in the first civil war. more

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A.D. 1647

Westminster Confession accepted(A.D. 1647) Parliament accepts the Westminster Confession which becomes the most important Reformed confessional document originally written in Englis... more

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A.D. 1648

Cambridge Platform(A.D. 1648) The Cambridge Platform in New England establishes the Congregationalist form of church governance. more

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A.D. 1648

Peace of Westphalia(A.D. 1648) The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years’ War in Germany. It reinstitutes the Peace of Augsburg and includes various forms of the R... more

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A.D. 1649

Charles I is executed(A.D. 1649) England is proclaimed a Republic when King Charles I is executed by order of the Rump Parliament. more

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A.D. 1650

Quakers(A.D. 1650) The Religious Society of Friends, commonly known as Quakers, form in England based on the preaching of George Fox. more

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A.D. 1650–1800

EnlightenmentA broad term for 18th century European intellectual developments, including deism and other movements critical of orthodox Christianity, that are char... more

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A.D. 1653

Pope condemns Jansenism(A.D. 1653) The Jansenist controversy comes to a head in France when the pope condemns five propositions based on Jansen’s book, Augustinus. more

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A.D. 1654

Tolerant state church in England(A.D. 1654) Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector of England, establishes an inclusive and tolerant state church. more

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