All People
AdamAccording to Jewish, Christian and Muslim scriptures, Adam was the first human being created by God out of the dust of the earth as the last step of c...
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EveAccording to Jewish, Christian and Muslim scriptures, all humans descended from Eve after she disobeyed God and partook of a forbidden fruit, causing ...
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AbrahamAbraham (c. 1800 B.C.) The founding figure of the world’s three monotheistic religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. He is the first person in ...
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Moses(Died c. 1400 B.C.) Moses was a Hebrew prophet who led his people out of slavery in Egypt. He instituted the Mosaic Law consisting of both ritual and ...
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David(c. 1000 B.C.) David is known for killing the giant Goliath when he was a young shepherd and later when he was king of Israel expanding the territory ...
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Josiah(c. 641–610 B.C.) He was made king while young but became a strong force for the restoration of orthodox practices after a book of the law (presumed...
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Daniel the Prophet(c. 615–515 B.C.) An Old Testament prophet known for surviving being thrown into a den of lions and for interpreting dreams. His prophetic writings ...
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PythagorasPythagoras (c. 570–495 B.C.) was a Greek philosopher who is credited with many mathematical and scientific discoveries. He also promulgated mystical...
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ZenoZeno of Elea (c. 495–430 B.C.) was an ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician. He is credited with first using the reduction ad absurdum argumen...
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Socrates(470–399 B.C.). Socrates is credited with being the father of philosophy because he taught that the individual must begin by first examining himself...
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Plato(c. 427–348 B.C.) Greek philosopher, Socrates’s student, Aristotle’s teacher, and founder of the only rigorously non materialist philosophical t...
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AristotleAristotle (384–322 B.C.) was a greek philosopher, founder of the sciences of logic, physics, and biology, whose writings were a major conceptual res...
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Alexander the GreatAlexander the Great (356–323 B.C.) was King of Macedon and went on to create one of the largest empires of the ancient world by the time he was thir...
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Antiochus IV(c. 215–164 B.C.) Antiochus IV was king of the Seleucid Empire. He essentially conquered Egypt but backed off in the face of pressure from Rome. Dur...
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Pontius PilatePontius Pilate (c. 20 B.C.–c. A.D. 38) was the Roman Prefect of Judea from about 26 A.D. to 36 A.D. Jesus Christ was tried by Pontius Pilate, who fo...
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Philo(c. 20 B.C.–A.D. 50) Jewish philosopher and exegete who used an allegorical method to interpret the scriptures that was influential on ancient Chris... of Alexandria
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MaryMary (born c. 18 B.C.) was a Galilean Jewish woman and mother of Jesus. Christians believe that Jesus was conceived miraculously through the Holy Spir...
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HerodHerod Antipater (c. 4 B.C.–A.D. 39) ruled over Galilee and Perea, the regions of Judea where Jesus was most active in his ministry. Herod imprisoned... Antipater
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Paul the Apostle(c. 4 B.C.–A.D. 64) Apostle and early Christian missionary, whose letters are the earliest documents contained in the New Testament and thus the fir...
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Jesus(c. 4 B.C.–A.D. 30-33) Also known as Jesus of Nazareth, Jesus Christ, the Messiah, and Savior of the World. He is the founding figure of Christianit...
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John the BaptistJohn the Baptist (c. 1 B.C.–c. A.D. 30) was a Jewish preacher and prophet, Jesus’s cousin, he taught salvation through a coming messiah, and he us...
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PeterPeter (c. A.D. 1–65) was a Jewish fisherman, chosen by Jesus to be one of his 12 Apostles. Peter was a critical witness to many events in Jesus’ l... the Apostle
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John the ApostleJohn (c. A.D. 6–100) was a Jewish fisherman, chosen by Jesus to be one of his 12 Apostles, and appears to have developed an especially close bond wi...
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VespasianVespasian (A.D. 9–79) was Emperor from A.D. 69 to A.D. 79. In A.D. 60, Vespasian led the Roman forces in quelling a Jewish rebellion. His son, Titus...
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Nero(A.D. 15 Dec 37–9 Jun 68) Nero was the first Roman emperor to deliberately persecute Christians beginning in AD 64 after the great fire in Rome. It ...
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Clement of Rome(c. A.D. 35–99) He was bishop of Rome from around AD 88 to his death in AD 99. His is one of the few Church fathers who lived during the time of the...
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Ignatius of Antioch(c. A.D. 35–108) Also known as Ignatius Theophorus, was the second bishop of Antioch who wrote a series of letter to other bishops while he was in t...
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JosephusTitus Flavius Josephus (A.D. 37–c. 100) was a Roman-Jewish scholar and historian whose work focused on Jewish history. He was from an elite family a...
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Trajan(A.D. 53–117) Trajan was Roman Emperor from A.D. 98 until his death in 117. He was highly successful in military campaigns and in philanthropic gove...
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Barnabas(Died c. A.D. 61) Barnabas was an early Christian who became an Apostle after the deaths of Jesus and Judas Iscariot. He and Paul worked to convert th...
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Polycarp(A.D. 69–155) Polycarp was the Bishop of Smyrna in present-day Turkey. Polycarp was a disciple of John the Apostle and is thought to have been ordai...
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Montanus(fl. 2nd century) Founder of a “New Prophecy” in Phrygia (in modern Turkey), which advocated stricter moral discipline—for example, no remarriag...
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Justin Martyr(c.A.D 100–165) Born in Palestine early in the 2nd century, Justin was educated as a philosopher and converted to Christianity, retaining many of hi...
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Marcion(A.D. 144) Marcion excommunicated in Rome.
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Valentinus(c. A.D. 100–175) Author of an influential and philosophically sophisticated version of Gnosticism. He was active in Rome in the 140s, and even hope...
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Tatian(c. A.D. 120–180) Tatian was an Assyrian Christian theologian. His theology has been considered the beginning of the concept of creation ex nihilo, ...
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Irenaeus(c. A.D. 120–200) Bishop of Lyon, the most important Christian theologian of the 2nd century; author of a large work, Against Heresies.
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Marcus Aurelius(A.D. 121–180) Marcus Aurelius was Roman Emperor from A.D. 161 until his death in 180. He was renowned for his philosophical thinking and temperance...
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Clement of Alexandria(c. A.D. 150–215) Titus Flavius Clemens, now known as Clement of Alexandria, was an early Christian theologian whose theology was heavily influenced...
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Tertullian(c. A.D. 160–225) North African priest and theologian, the first major Latin Christian author. Despite the large number of his writings that have su...
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Origen(c. A.D. 185–254) Alexandrian theologian famous for his commentaries and homilies on the scriptures, which established a long-lasting tradition of C...
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PlotinusPlotinus (c. A.D. 204–270) was a philosopher born in Egypt under the Roman Empire. Plotinus followed the Platonic tradition, but adapted it with dis...
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Cyprian(A.D. 210–14 Sep 258) Bishop of Carthage between 248 and 258 who sparked a controversy when he fled during the Emperor Decian persecution and then l...
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Sabellius(c. A.D. 215) He was an early Christian theologian who taught that God is indivisible so the Father, Son and Holy Spirit are simply different manifest...
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DiocletianDiocletian (A.D. 244–311) was a Roman Emperor who successfully stabilized the Roman Empire after nearly collapsing after a period of invasion, civil...
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Helena(c. A.D. 246–330) Helena was Empress of the Roman Empire through her marriage to Emperor Constantius and mother to Emperor Constantine. She converte...
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Lactantius(c. A.D. 250–325) Lactantius was a Christian advisor to Emperor Constantine regarding religious policies. He was also the tutor of Constantine’s s...
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Arius(c. 256-336) Alexandrian presbyter whose teaching on the Trinity was condemned at the Council of Nicaea A.D. 325. (See Arianism and Arian Controversy....
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Stephen Bishop of Rome(Died A.D. 257) Stephen was Bishop of Rome and Pope from A.D. 254 to 257. He addressed issues relating to the reintegration of members and leaders who...
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Eusebius of Caesarea(A.D. 263–May 339) Eusebius became bishop of Caesarea around A.D. 314 and became one of early Christianity’s foremost scholars, apologist, and His...
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ConstantineConstantine I (c. A.D. 272–337) was a Western Roman Emperor who, after a series of civil wars, became emperor of the entire Roman Empire. He strengt...
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Felix Bishop of Rome(Died A.D. 274) Felix was Bishop of Rome and Pope from A.D. 269 until his death in 274. He condemned the teaching that Christ was born as a mere morta...
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Donatus(c. A.D. 280–355) Magnus Donatus was the leader of a movement in North Africa that believed clergy who had fallen away needed to be rebaptized in or...
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Pachomius(A.D. 292–348) Pachomius was an early Christian from Egypt who established the tradition of communal monasticism. Prior to him, Christian asceticism...
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Athanasius(c. A.D. 296–373) Athanasius was a Bishop of Alexandria and was a leading proponent of orthodox trinitarianism in opposition to Arianism. His positi...
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Ezana of Axum(4th Century A.D.) Ezana was taught by a Christian monk as a child and converted to Christianity. When he became King of Axum (modern day Ethiopia) in...
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ValentinianValentinian (A.D. 321–375) is often considered the last great emperor of the Western Roman Empire. He established security through a series of succe...
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Constans(c. A.D. 323–350) Constans was the third son of Emperor Constantine and became Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. He followed Nicene orthodoxy and...
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Gregory of Naziansen(c. A.D. 330–390) Sometimes known as Gregory of Naziansen, one of the Cappadocian Fathers. Among the Eastern Orthodox he is called “Saint Gregory ...
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Basil(c. A.D. 330-379) Older brother of Gregory of Nyssa and leader of the Cappadocian Fathers, who advocated a reformulation of Nicene theology that preva... of Caesarea
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Gregory of Nyssa(c. A.D. 335–394) One of the Cappadocian fathers, brother of Basil of Caesarea, and author of important works on the Trinity, including a brief but ...
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Eusebius of Nicomedia(Died A.D. 341) Eusebius was a contemporary and supporter of Arius and became Bishop of Nicomedia in present-day Turkey. Eusebius exercised tremendous...
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TheodosiusTheodosius (A.D. 347–395) was Roman Emperor from A.D. 379 until his death. He was the last emperor to rule over a united Roman Empire, his two sons ...
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Jerome(A.D. 27 Mar 347–30 Sep 420) Jerome was a Catholic theologian who is best known for his translation of most of the Bible into Latin. Known as the Vu...
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Theodore of Mopsuestia(c. A.D. 350–428) Theodore was Bishop of Mopsuestia, located on the southeastern coast of Asia Minor, from A.D. 392 until his death. He was a major ...
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Augustine(A.D. 354-430) Bishop of Hippo in North Africa, the most influential theologian of the West, known especially for his doctrine of grace, including rel...
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GratianGratian (A.D. 359–383) was a Roman Emperor who enjoyed early success, but later disregarded his duties, leading to a revolt by the army and his assa...
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John Cassian(c. A.D. 360–435) John Cassian was a Christian monk and theologian who is best known for his writings on Christian mysticism. He is credited with a ...
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Valentinian II(A.D. 371-392) Valentinian II was Emperor in the Western Roman Empire from A.D. 375 until 392. He was essentially a figurehead for other dominant and ...
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CyrilCyril of Alexandria (c. A.D. 378-444) Nestorius opponent, Bishop of Alexandria, dominant figure at the Council of Ephesus 431, known for his Christolo... of Alexandria
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Socrates the Historian(c. A.D. 380–439) Socrates was a Christian historian who wrote a history of Christianity covering the years A.D. 305–439. His history was generall...
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Eutyches(c. A.D. 380–456) Eutyches was an ecclesiastical leader in Constantinople. During the First Council of Ephesus, he vigorously denounced Nestorius an...
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Apollinaris of Laodicea(Died A.D. 382) Apollinaris was Bishop of Laodicea in Syria. He was an opponent of Arianism whose Christological views were also declared heretical at...
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Nestorius(fl. early 5th century) Archbishop of Constantinople who denied that Mary was theotokos or Mother of God. His Christology was accused of splitting Chr...
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Sozomen(c. A.D. 400–450) Sozomen was a Christian historian who wrote two histories of Christianity covering the time from Christ’s ascension to A.D. 425....
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Theodosius IITheodosius II (A.D. 401–450) was an Eastern Roman Emperor, and he best known for commissioning a compilation of the laws in a single code, primarily...
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Eusebius Bishop of Dorylaeum(5th century A.D.) Eusebius was the Bishop of Dorylaeum, a community in present-day Turkey. He was a player in the Christological disputes of the time...
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Pelagius(fl. A.D. 410–420) British monk, spiritual advisor, and theologian whose teaching gave rise to Pelagianism, the view against which Augustine’s doc...
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Dioscorus of Alexandria(Died A.D. 454) Dioscorus was the last Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria to attend a Western council, the Council at Chalcedon. There, he was deposed f...
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Leo the Great(Died A.D. 10 Nov 461) Leo I became pope in A.D. 440 and was instrumental in establishing the duel nature of Christ through the “Tome of Leo” as t...
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ClovisClovis I (c. A.D. 466–511) was a Frankish chieftain who united the Frankish tribes under the rule of one king. He ensured his kingship descended to ...
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BoethiusAnicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (A.D. 477–524) was a Roman statesman and theologian who came into public service under the Ostrogothic King Theod...
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Benedict(c. A.D. 2 Mar 480–21 Mar 547) also known as Saint Benedict of Nurcia. He is credited with founding modern monasticism through his written rule for ...
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JustinianJustinian I (c. A.D. 482–565) was an Eastern Roman Emperor who sought to reunite the Empire after the collapse of the West. He also had Hagia Sophia...
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Dionysius(fl. c. A.D. 500) Pseudo Dionysius Christian neo-Platonist theologian, in the west called Saint Denys (or Denis), and by modern scholars labeled Pseud...
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Theodora(c. A.D. 500–548) Theodora was Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire through her marriage to Emperor Justinian I. In religious matters, she supported ...
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Vigilius(Died A.D. 555) Vigilius was Bishop of Rome and Pope from A.D. 537 until his death. He schemed with Empress Theodora to gain his position, suggesting ...
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Isidore of Seville(c. A.D. 560–636) Isidore of Seville was the Archbishop of Seville and is often considered the last scholar of the ancient world. He played a critic...
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MuhammadMuhammad ibn Abdullah (c. A.D. 570–632) founded the Islamic faith, based on the Quran and the belief that he was the final prophet sent by God to co...
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Maximus the Confessor(c. A.D. 580–662) Maximus the Confessor was a Christian monk and theologian based in Constantinople. Maximus featured prominently in the Christologi...
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Maxiumus the Confessor
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Gregory the Great(died A.D. 12 Mar 604) Gregory I became pope in 590 and earned the designation “great” due to his insistence of the authority of the papacy and th...
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BedeBede (c. A.D. 673–735) was an English monk. Bede wrote the Ecclesiastical History of the English People, thereby becoming known as the Father of Eng...
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Charles MartelCharles Martel (c. A.D. 688–741) became the power behind the throne of the Merovingian dynasty. He saved western Christianity by defeating Islamic i...
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PepinPepin (c. A.D. 714–768) was a son of Charles Martel, who, with his brother Carloman, ruled over Frankia behind Merovingian figurehead King Childeric...
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AlcuinAlcuin (c. A.D. 735–804) was an English clergyman and scholar who joined Charlemagne’s court, becoming a leading intellect behind the Carolingian ...
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CharlemagneCharlemagne (c. A.D. 742–814) was the eldest son of Pepin, who became sole ruler of the Franks upon the death of his younger brother Carloman. Charl...
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Nicholas I(c. A.D. 800–867) Stressed the supremacy of the Pope in both ecclesiastical and royal matters, relying for the first time on the False Decretals inc...
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Photius I(c. A.D. 810–893) Photius I was an Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, head of the Eastern Orthodox Churches. His elevation was the basis for a ...
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Methodius(A.D. 815–885) Methodius was a Byzantine Christian theologian and missionary to the Slavic people. He was critical in developing the first Slavic li...
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Cyril of Thessalonica(c. A.D. 826–869) Cyril of Thessalonica was a Byzantine Christian theologian and missionary to the Slavic people. He was critical in developing the ...
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Alfred the GreatAlfred the Great (c. A.D. 847–899) was King of Wessex who, in the face of Viking invasions of the British Isles, became the first King of the Anglo-...
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Adrian III(Died. A.D. 885) Adrian III was Pope from 884 until his death in 885. He worked to alleviate the suffering of the people in Italy during a period of f...
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Vladimir I(c. A.D. 956–1015) Vladimir I also known as Vladimir the Great was the Rus leader in Kiev whose conversion to Christianity established Christianity...
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Alhacen(c. A.D. 965–1040) Alhacen was a Muslim polymath during the Islamic Golden Age. He explained the basics of the scientific method approximately 500 y...
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AvicennaAvicenna (c. A.D. 980–1037) was a Muslim Persian scholar and prolific thinker on a wide range of topics, contributing significantly to the Islamic G...
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Michael Cerularius(c. A.D. 1000–1059) Michael Cerularius was born in Constantinople and became the Patriarch of Constantinople in A.D. 1043. He disputed with Pope Leo...
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Humbert(c. A.D. 1000–1061) Was a French Benedictine monk and friend of Pope Leo IX, who sent Humber to Constantinople to mediate a dispute with the Eastern...
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Leo IX(A.D. 1002–1054) Pope Leo IX was born to a noble family in the Alsace region of what was then part of the Holy Roman Empire. He played an instrument...
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Gregory VII(c. A.D. 1015–1085) Gregory VII was Bishop of Rome and Pope from A.D. 1073 until his death in 1085. Pope Gregory VII successfully asserted the Papal...
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Anselm(c. 1033–1109 A.D.) Monk, then abbot of Bec in Normandy, then archbishop of Canterbury (1093–1109); the first great medieval theologian of the Wes...
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Urban II(c. A.D. 1035–1099) Urban II was Bishop of Rome and Pope from A.D. 1088 until his death in 1099. He initiated the First Crusade, promising forgivene...
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Rashi(A.D. 1040–1105) Rashi was a medieval French rabbi. He wrote highly influential commentaries on the Tanakh and the Talmud.
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AbelardPeter Abelard (A.D. 1079–1142) was a preeminent logician and theologian who firmly fixed the tradition of scholasticism, the attempt to provide a fo...
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Bernard of ClairvauxBernard of Clairvaux (A.D. 1090–1153) reformed Medieval monasticism, forming the Cistercian Order. He was critical in establishing Innocent II as po...
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Arnold of Brescia(c. A.D. 1090–1155) Arnold was an Italian priest who sought to have the Church renounce property ownership and participated in a failed attempt to r...
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Peter LombardPeter Lombard (c. A.D. 1096–1160) was a prominent theologian who briefly became Bishop of Paris before his death. Lombard’s magnum opus, Four Book...
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AverroesAverroes (A.D. 1126–1198) was a Muslim Andalusian scholar and thinker on numerous topics during the Islamic Golden Age. Although his influence in th...
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Peter of Bruys(Died c. A.D. 1131) Peter of Bruys was a leader of a movement in France which rejected infant baptism, the building of churches, the use of the cross,...
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MaimonidesMaimonides (c. A.D. 1135–1204) was a Jewish philosopher from Cordoba under the Islamic Almoravid Empire. His work on the Talmud was considered persu...
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Saladin(A.D. 1137–1193) Saladin founded the Ayyubid dynasty and Sultan of Egypt of Syria. During his reign, his domains included Egypt, Syria, Upper Mesopo...
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Peter Waldo(c. A.D. 1140–1205) Peter Waldo was the leader of a medieval Christian spiritual movement known as the Waldensians. Waldo advocated for simplicity a...
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Innocent III(c. A.D. 1160–1216) Innocent III was Pope from A.D. 1198 until his death in 1216. He was one of the most influential Popes in Medieval Europe. He us...
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Francis of AssisiFrancis of Assisi (c. A.D. 1181–1226) was born to a wealthy Italian merchant and French noblewoman. Francis’s youth was typical for his time and c...
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Innocent IV(c. A.D. 1195–1254) Innocent IV was Pope from A.D. 1243 until his death in 1254. In the First Council of Lyons, Innocent IV had the Holy Roman Emper...
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Thomas Aquinas(c. A.D. 1225-1274) Dominican friar, teacher at the University of Paris, central figure of medieval scholasticism, and the most authoritative theologi...
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Boniface VIII(c. A.D. 1230–1303) Boniface VIII was Pope from A.D. 1294 until his death in 1303. He became Pope upon the resignation of Pope Celestine V, which ca...
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Meister EckhartMeister Eckhart (c. A.D. 1260-1327) Dominican priest and mystical theologian, the most prominent figure in German mysticism, whose teachings were unde...
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Clement V(c. A.D. 1264–1314) Clement V was Bishop of Rome and Pope from A.D. 1305 until his death in 1314. Pope Clement V abolished the Knights Templar and p...
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DanteDante Alighieri (A.D. 1265-1321) was the Italian poet and author of the Divine Comedy, an epic poem in which Dante portrays himself journeying through... Alighieri
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Duns ScotusJohn Duns Scotus (c. A.D. 1266–1308) was a Scottish theologian and scholastic who is considered one of the most important theologians of the Middle ...
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Marsilius of Padua(c. A.D. 1275–1342) Marsilius wrote the political treatise Defensor pacis in 1324 which contested Papal claims to political power and laid the found...
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William of OckhamWilliam of Ockham (c. A.D. 1287–1347) was an English Friar, theologian, and scholastic. He is best known for the logical principle, Occam’s Razor ...
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Gregory PalamasGregory Palamas (A.D. 1296–1359) Byzantine theologian, known for his articulation of characteristic Eastern Orthodox doctrines, especially the disti...
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Francesco PetrarcaFrancesco Petrarca (A.D. 20 Jul 1304–19 Jul 1374) was an Italian scholar who is referred to as the founder of humanism. His rediscovery of Cicero's ...
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Urban V(A.D. 1310–1370) Urban V was Bishop of Rome and Pope from 1362 until his death in 1370. He was a Benedictine monk who continued his commitment to si...
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