All Major Events
Gupta Empire Ends(A.D. 550 ) The Gupta Empire collapses after being weakened by its costly but ultimately successful efforts at pushing back invading Huns.
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Second Council of Constantinople(A.D. 553) The Second Council of Constantinople which is generally accepted as the fifth ecumenical council, follows a Cyrillian interpretation of the... more
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Sui Empire (China)(A.D. 581) The Sui Dynasty rises and reunites China under its imperial rule.
A.D. 581 The Sui Dynasty rises and reunites China under its imperial rule. Please share if you found this post informative.
Gregory the Great(died A.D. 12 Mar 604) Gregory I became pope in 590 and earned the designation “great” due to his insistence of the authority of the papacy and th... more
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Rashidun Caliphate(A.D. 632) The Rashidun Caliphate begins upon the death of Muhammad, who united the Arabian tribes under Islam. The Rashidun Caliphate eventually conq... more
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Sassanid Empire Ends(A.D. 651) After losing a catastrophic war with the Eastern Roman Empire (later denominated the Byzantine Empire), the Sassanid Empire is conquered by... more
A.D. 224–651 After losing a catastrophic war with the Eastern Roman Empire(27 B.C.) After a period of unrest and competing generals jockeying for power, Octavian, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, becomes the first official ... more (later denominated the Byzantine Empire), the Sassanid Empire(A.D. 224) The rebellion which overthrew the Parthian Empire(247 B.C.) Parthia (a region in the northeast of modern day Iran) gains independence in a rebellion against the Seleucid Empire, eventually becoming t... more establishes the Sassanid Empire(A.D. 224) The rebellion which overthrew the Parthian Empire establishes the Sassanid Empire which quickly expands to fill the territorial space of th... more which quickly expands to fill the territorial space of th... more is conquered by invading Arab armies. Please share if you found this post informative.
Umayyad Caliphate(A.D. 661) The Umayyad Caliphate begins, extending its territory to include the whole of North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, and the Indus Valley reg... more
A.D. 651 The Umayyad Caliphate(A.D. 661) The Umayyad Caliphate(A.D. 661) The Umayyad Caliphate begins, extending its territory to include the whole of North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, and the Indus Valley reg... more begins, extending its territory to include the whole of North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, and the Indus Valley reg... more begins, extending its territory to include the whole of North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, and the Indus Valley region. Please share if you found this post informative.
Third Council of Constantinople duel nature of Christ(A.D. 681) The Third Council of Constantinople, which is generally accepted to be the sixth ecumenical council, rejects the teaching that there is onl... more
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Tang Empire (China)(A.D. 618) The Sui Dynasty collapses after overextending itself through ambitious military campaigns and infrastructure projects. After a brief civil ... more
A.D. 618–907 The Sui Dynasty collapses after overextending itself through ambitious military campaigns and infrastructure projects. After a brief civil war, the Tang Dynasty assumes control of Imperial China and would lead it into a golden age. Please share if you found this post informative.
Charles MartelCharles Martel (c. A.D. 688–741) became the power behind the throne of the Merovingian dynasty. He saved western Christianity by defeating Islamic i... more
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Battle of Tours(A.D. 732) A pivotal battle in which Charles Martel’s infantry repelled an invading Muslim force, effectively halting the Muslim advance and saving ... more
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Charles Martel becomes KingCharles Martel becomes the acting king of the Franks (A.D. 737) after having halted the Islamic advance in Western Europe, extended the territory of F... more
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CharlemagneCharlemagne (c. A.D. 742–814) was the eldest son of Pepin, who became sole ruler of the Franks upon the death of his younger brother Carloman. Charl... more
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Abbasid Caliphate(A.D. 750) The Abbasid Caliphate begins, which loses control of territory in Iberia and the western portion of North Africa but extends control into S... more
Qcjm: testing iconA Greek word for “image” that is used to describe images of Jesus(c. 4 B.C.–A.D. 30-33) Also known as Jesus of Nazareth, Jesus Christ, the Messiah, and Savior of the World. He is the founding figure of Christianit... more, saintsIs a term used in the New Testament for Christian believers. In Roman Catholicism it refers to officially canonized, deceased holy men and women who c... more, and angels that are venerated by Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholics. in content Please share if you found this post informative.
Charlemagne becomes KingCharlemagne, the grandson of Charles Martel, becomes King of the Franks (A.D. 768) and would go on to expand Frankish territory and usher in the Carol... more
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Second Council of Nicaea & Veneration of icons(A.D. 787) The Second Council of Nicaea, which is generally accepted to be the seventh ecumenical council, rejects iconoclasm and declares that people... more
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Viking AgeA.D. 793 Viking Age begins during which the Norse people from Scandinavia explore, trade, settle, and conquer territories throughout Europe, ultimatel... more
A.D. 793 Viking AgeA.D. 793 Viking AgeA.D. 793 Viking Age begins during which the Norse people from Scandinavia explore, trade, settle, and conquer territories throughout Europe, ultimatel... more begins during which the Norse people from Scandinavia explore, trade, settle, and conquer territories throughout Europe, ultimatel... more begins during which the Norse people from Scandinavia explore, trade, settle, and conquer territories throughout Europe, ultimately exerting an extremely disruptive influence throughout the region. Please share if you found this post informative.
Charlemagne Crowned EmperorCharlemagne is crowned as Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III (A.D. 800).
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Alfred the GreatAlfred the Great (c. A.D. 847–899) was King of Wessex who, in the face of Viking invasions of the British Isles, became the first King of the Anglo-... more
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Kievan Rus(A.D. 882) The Kievan Rus civilization emerges in Eastern Europe, likely founded by a Scandinavian ruling elite, and occasionally ruled over by Viking... more
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Tang Empire Ends(A.D. 907) The Tang Dynasty in China falls to a rebellion after a long struggle against the tendency of regional generals to assume ever greater amoun... more
A.D. 618–907 The Tang Dynasty in China falls to a rebellion after a long struggle against the tendency of regional generals to assume ever greater amounts of autonomyA term that literally means to give yourself the lawIs a fundamental concept of Luthernism and is contrasted by Luther with the Gospel. For Luther, the law consists of God’s commands regarding how one... more. This idea was central to Kant’s moral theory that reason gives itself the moral lawIs a fundamental concept of Luthernism and is contrasted by Luther with the Gospel. For Luther, the law consists of God’s commands regarding how one... more.. China is fractured and governed by numerous kingdoms. Please share if you found this post informative.
Medieval Warm Period(c. A.D. 950–1250) A period in which Europe’s climate benefited from unusual warming.
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Holy Roman Empire(A.D. 962) The Holy Roman Empire emerges in the Germanic areas and Northern Italy with Otto I assuming the imperial crown descended from Charlemagne.
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High Middle AgesA period of European history from approximately A.D. 1000 – A.D. 1250. It followed the Early Middle Ages (i.e., the “Dark Ages”), and was charac... more
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Gunpowder Developed(c. A.D. 1000) The Chinese discover gunpowder.
c. A.D. 1000 The Chinese discover gunpowder. Please share if you found this post informative.
Seljuk Turk Empire(A.D. 1037) The Seljuk Turks establish an empire which displaces the political power of the Abbasid Caliphate, leaving the Abbasid dynasty with largel... more
A.D. 1037 The Seljuk Turks establish an empire which displaces the political power of the Abbasid Caliphate(A.D. 750) The Abbasid Caliphate(A.D. 750) The Abbasid Caliphate begins, which loses control of territory in Iberia and the western portion of North Africa but extends control into S... more begins, which loses control of territory in Iberia and the western portion of North Africa but extends control into S... more, leaving the Abbasid dynasty with largely ceremonial and religious influence. Please share if you found this post informative.
Movable Type Developed(A.D. 1040) The Chinese invent movable type.
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Great Divorce Eastern & Western Church(A.D. 1054) Western and Eastern churches official split resulting in Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy.
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Normans Conquer England(A.D. 1066) William I, the Duke of Normandy in France and direct descendant from Viking leaders who settled in the area 100 years earlier, crosses the... more
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Viking Age Ends(A.D. 1066) The Viking Age draws to a close as the last major military offensive by the Norse is defeated by the Anglo-Saxon king Harold Godwinson.
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Bernard of ClairvauxBernard of Clairvaux (A.D. 1090–1153) reformed Medieval monasticism, forming the Cistercian Order. He was critical in establishing Innocent II as po... more
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Anselm becomes the archbishop of Canterbury(A.D. 1093)
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First Crusade(A.D. 1095) Pope Urban II calls the First Crusade in response the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Emperor’s plea for help against the Seljuk Turks. The Cr... more
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Council of Clermont(A.D. 1095) Led by Pope Urban II, this council included the call to arms for the First Crusade and reaffirmed several ongoing matters within the Weste... more
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Peter LombardPeter Lombard (c. A.D. 1096–1160) was a prominent theologian who briefly became Bishop of Paris before his death. Lombard’s magnum opus, Four Book... more
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Second Crusade(A.D. 1145) French and German armies respond to the call by various preachers for a crusade because of some Muslim military success in the Middle East... more
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Francis of AssisiFrancis of Assisi (c. A.D. 1181–1226) was born to a wealthy Italian merchant and French noblewoman. Francis’s youth was typical for his time and c... more
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Third Crusade(A.D. 1189) Pope Gregory VIII calls for a Third Crusade in response to Saladin’s conquest of Jerusalem. The Third Crusade was led by several of Euro... more
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Seljuk Turk Empire(A.D. 1037) The Seljuk Turks establish an empire which displaces the political power of the Abbasid Caliphate, leaving the Abbasid dynasty with largel... more Ends
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Fourth Crusade(A.D. 1201) Pope Innocent III calls for the Fourth Crusade, which was hijacked by the Venetians seeking to place a puppet king on the throne of the By... more
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Genghis Khan(A.D. 1206) Genghis Khan unites the Mongolian tribes and creates the Mongolian Empire, conquering the northern Chinese kingdoms of Xia and Jin, and We... more
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England a fief of the pope(A.D. 1213) King John of England makes England a fief of the pope after Pope Innocent III excommunicates him and places the country under interdict.
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4th Lateran council(A.D. 1215) The fourth Lateran council meeting at Rome establishes the medieval sacramental system, including the obligation of private confession and... more & the Sacraments
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Magna Carta(A.D. 1215) King John of England signs the Magna Carta to make peace with a group of Rebel Barons. The Magna Carta would become a foundational documen... more
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Fifth Crusade(A.D. 1217) The Fifth Crusade begins, involving mostly Hungarian and Austrian forces who invaded Egypt and achieved little.
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Thomas Aquinas(c. A.D. 1225-1274) Dominican friar, teacher at the University of Paris, central figure of medieval scholasticism, and the most authoritative theologi... more
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Sixth Crusade(A.D. 1228) Emperor Frederick II of the Holy Roman Empire, after being excommunicated for not supporting previous crusader campaigns, achieves unexpec... more
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Medieval InquisitionThe first of the primary inquisitions was the medieval, which began in 13th century).
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Kievan Rus End(A.D. 1240) The Kievan Rus fall to invading Mongolian armies.
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Gunpowder Introduced to Europe(A.D. 1241) The Mongols likely introduce Europeans to gunpowder-based weaponry in the Battle of Mohi against the Kingdom of Hungary.
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Seventh Crusade(A.D. 1248) King Louis the IX of France organizes a Seventh Crusade against Egypt, is defeated in battle, captured, and ransomed.
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Thomas Aquinas begins teaching(A.D. 1256) Thomas Aquinas begins teaching at the University of Paris.
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Mongols Conquer Middle East(A.D. 1258) The Islamic Golden Age ends as Mongolian armies destroy Baghdad and conquer Mesopotamia, the northern portion of the Levant and portions o... more
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Mongolian Empire Fragments(c. A.D. 1260) The Mongolian Empire begins to fragment leaving behind the Golden Horde in the northwestern portions of Central Asia and Eastern Europe... more
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Duns ScotusJohn Duns Scotus (c. A.D. 1266–1308) was a Scottish theologian and scholastic who is considered one of the most important theologians of the Middle ... more
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Eighth Crusade(A.D. 1270) King Louis the IX of France organizes an Eighth Crusade which gets diverted to Tunisia, where his army is decimated by disease and King Lo... more
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Ninth Crusade(A.D. 1271) Prince Edward of England (future King Edward I) leads the Ninth Crusade into Syria where little is achieved, but a 10 year truce is reache... more
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Yuan Empire (China)(A.D. 1271) Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Kahn, formally establishes the Yuan dynasty and empire in China.
A.D. 1271 Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Kahn, formally establishes the Yuan dynasty and empire in China. Please share if you found this post informative.
Gregory Palamas(A.D. 1296–1359) Byzantine theologian, known for his articulation of characteristic Eastern Orthodox doctrines, especially the distinction between t... more
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Ottoman Empire(A.D. 1299) Osman I unifies disparate and fractured kingdoms in Asia Minor and establishes the Ottoman Empire.
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Bull Unam SanctamIs the title of a bull issued by Boniface VIII (A.D. 1302) that declared the superiority of the pope over all powers (secular as well as spiritual) on... more
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Francesco Petrarca
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Babylonian CaptivityThis phrase is used to describe three events: 1) the captivity of ancient Israel and exile to Babylon as related in the Old Testament; 2) the years wh... more II
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Avignon Papacy(A.D. 1309–1377) The pope moves to resides in the French city of Avignon rather than Rome creating the period known as the “Babylonian Captivity... more
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John Wycliffe(A.D. 1330–31 Dec 1384) John Wycliffe (Wyckuffe) is regarded as the first Christian Reformer. He was instrumental in translating the Bible into Old ... more
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Hundred Years’ War(A.D. 1337) The Hundred Years' War between the Plantagenet rulers of England and the Valois rulers of France regarding their respective claims to the ... more
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Black Plague(A.D. 1347) The Black Plague reaches Europe from the Silk Road killing anywhere from 30% to 60% of Europe’s population over the course of 5 years, a... more
A.D. 1347 The Black Plague(A.D. 1347) The Black Plague(A.D. 1347) The Black Plague reaches Europe from the Silk Road killing anywhere from 30% to 60% of Europe’s population over the course of 5 years, a... more reaches Europe from the Silk Road(c. 130 B.C.) The Silk Road is established as the Han Dynasty in China as they extend their overland trade routes further west and connect directly to... more killing anywhere from 30% to 60% of Europe’s population over the course of 5 years, a... more reaches Europe from the Silk Road(c. 130 B.C.) The Silk Road(c. 130 B.C.) The Silk Road is established as the Han Dynasty in China as they extend their overland trade routes further west and connect directly to... more is established as the Han Dynasty in China as they extend their overland trade routes further west and connect directly to... more killing anywhere from 30% to 60% of Europe’s population over the course of 5 years, and outbreaks would periodically recur over the next 400 years. Please share if you found this post informative.
European Renaissance(c. A.D. 1350) The Renaissance begins in Italy after the highly disruptive Black Plague, renewing interest in the arts, culture, humanism, and classic... more
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Ming Empire(A.D. 1368) The Yuan dynasty falls to rebellion and the Ming dynasty assumes control of Imperial China, restoring native Han rule in place of Mongolia... more
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Great Schismrefers to the period between A.D. 1378 and 1417 when multiple individuals claimed to be the rightful pope, which ended with the Council of Constance.
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Middle Assyrian Empire(c. 1,392 B.C.) The Middle Assyrian Empire begins, during which Assyria reasserts itself in northern Mesopotamia.
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Council of Constance(A.D. 1414 – 1418) This council was held between 1414 and 1418 that finally ended the Great Schism. The council deposed two of the three popes and a... more ends the Great Schismrefers to the period between A.D. 1378 and 1417 when multiple individuals claimed to be the rightful pope, which ended with the Council of Constance.
A.D. 1414–1418 The Council of Constance(A.D. 1414 – 1418) This council was held between 1414 and 1418 that finally ended the Great Schismrefers to the period between A.D. 1378 and 1417 when multiple individuals claimed to be the rightful pope, which ended with the Council of Constance.. The council deposed two of the three popes and a... more ends the Great Schismrefers to the period between A.D. 1378 and 1417 when multiple individuals claimed to be the rightful popeThe Roman Catholic bishop of Rome who is regarded as the successor of the chief apostle, Peter, and as the Vicar of Christ is the holder of the Aposto... more, which ended with the Council of Constance(A.D. 1414 – 1418) This council was held between 1414 and 1418 that finally ended the Great Schism. The council deposed two of the three popes and a... more. of rival popes by appointing a new popeThe Roman Catholic bishopA person holding the ecclesiastical office that exerciseds authority over the laity and priests in a geographical area called a “diocese” where th... more of Rome who is regarded as the successor of the chief apostle, PeterPeter (c. A.D. 1–65) was a Jewish fisherman, chosen by Jesus to be one of his 12 Apostles. Peter was a critical witness to many events in Jesus’ l... more, and as the Vicar of ChristDerived from a Greek term meaning anointed and is equivalent to the word “messiah” from Hebrew roots. The anointing references the act of installi... more is the holder of the Aposto... more, condemns…
Alexander VI(A.D. 1 Jan 1431–8 Aug 1503) Born Roderic Borgia and became pope on August 11, 1492. Considered one of the most corrupt popes for nepotism and fathe... more
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Gutenberg Printing Press(A.D. 1439) Gutenberg introduces movable type to Europe, accelerating the cultural and social revolutions of the Renaissance.
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Council of Florence defines sacraments(A.D. 1439) The Council of Florence further defines the medieval sacramental system specifies all seven sacraments.
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Eastern Roman Empire Ends(A.D. 1453) Ottoman forces capture Byzantium, and the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire finally ends.
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Turks invade Constantinople(A.D. 1453) Constantinople falls to the Turks, bringing an end to the Byzantine Empire and the beginning of the Turkish threat to Western Europe.
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Printing Press(A.D. 1455) Johannes Gutenberg inaugurates the era of the printing press by publishing the first printed Bible.
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Russia Emerges(A.D. 1462) Ivan III (also known as Ivan the Great) assumes power in Moscow. During his approximately 40 year rule, he dramatically expanded the terri... more
A.D. 1462 Ivan III (also known as Ivan the Great) assumes power in Moscow. During his approximately 40 year rule, he dramatically expanded the territory subject to his rule, uniting the Rus lands, defeating the Golden Horde thereby ending their dominance over the Rus, and laying the foundation of the Russian state. Please share if you found this post informative.
CopernicusNicolaus Copernicus (A.D. 1473–1543) was a Polish Renaissance-era mathematician and astronomer who made an early contribution to the Scientific Revo... more
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Spanish Inquisition(A.D. 1478) Ferdinand and Isabella begin the Spanish Inquisition to establish and maintain Catholic orthodoxy in the Iberian Peninsula.
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Martin Luther(A.D. 1483–1546) German theologian, pastor, professor at the University of Wittenberg, ex-monk, and founding figure of Protestantism. He was known f... more
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Henry VIII(A.D. 26 Jun 1491–28 Jan 1547) Henry VIII became King of England in 1509. Initially he rejected the Protestant reformation movement and earned the t... more
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Christopher Columbus(A.D. 1492) After Ferdinand and Isabella complete the Christian reconquest of Iberia, Christopher Columbus begins his maritime voyage from Spain to re... more
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Menno Simons(A.D. 1496–1561) A former Catholic priest in Holland who became a leader in the Dutch and North German Anabaptist communities, which were later call... more
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Vasco da Gama(A.D. 1497) Vasco da Gama begins his maritime voyage from Portugal to reach India and open up a direct trade route from Portugal and India
A.D. 1497 Vasco da Gama(A.D. 1497) Vasco da Gama(A.D. 1497) Vasco da Gama begins his maritime voyage from Portugal to reach India and open up a direct trade route from Portugal and India begins his maritime voyage from Portugal to reach India and open up a direct trade route from Portugal and India begins his maritime voyage from Portugal to reach India and open up a direct trade route from Portugal and India. Please share if you found this post informative.
Wars of Religion(A.D. 16th–18th centuries) European wars dealing primarily with religion fought intermittent throughout the 16th, 17th, & 18th centuries.
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ReformationA revolutionary religious movement during the 16th century Europe that initially sought to reform the Roman Catholic Church but led to the emergence o... more
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Julius II “the Terrifying”(A.D. 1503–1513) Reign of Pope Julius II who was called the "warrior pope" and "the Terrifying" ("il Terribile").
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Indulgences(A.D. 1506) Pope Julius II lays the foundation of a new St. Peter’s basilica in the Vatican, which was funded in part by indulgences sold in Germany... more
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John Calvin(A.D. 1509-1564) French Protestant theologian who lived most of his adult life in Geneva. He was the most influential figure in Reformed theology and ... more
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John Knox(A.D. 1513–24 Nov 1572) Scottish minister who introduced Calvinist Reformed Protestant movement to Scotland, which became the Presbyterian Church.
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Teresa of Avila(A.D. 1515–1582) Also known as Saint Teresa of Jesus; Spanish nun and mystical theologian known for her descriptions of the various levels of mystic... more
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Erasmus New Testament(A.D. 1516) Erasmus publishes the first printed edition of the New Testament that is critical of the official Vulgate translation. Luther uses it in h... more
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Mary TudorQueen Mary I (A.D. 1516–1558) was a Queen of England and Ireland, and daughter to King Henry VIII. During her reign, she violently sought to reverse... more
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Luther posts his 95 Theses(October 31, 1517) Luther posts his Ninety-five Theses on the church door in Wittenberg announcing an academic disputation (debate) about the theology... more
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Ottoman Caliphate(A.D. 1517) The Ottoman Caliphate becomes the de facto leader of the Muslim world operating within the Ottoman Empire.
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Protestant Reformation(A.D. 1517) The Protestant Reformation begins as Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses, largely in response to the widespread abuses caused by the aggress... more
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Luther debates Eck(June-July 1519) Luther debates Johann Eck at the Leipzig Disputation who pushes Luther toward the doctrine of scripture alone (“sola scriptura”) ... more
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Zwingli begins Preaching(January 1519) Huldrych Zwingli begins preaching in Zurich (January).
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Luther breaks with Rome(A.D. 1520) Luther publicly breaks with Rome in December when he burns the papal bull, together with papal decretals and canon law.
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Luther’s major Treatises(A.D. 1520) Luther publishes his four most important theological treatises laying out the theological basis for protestant doctrine and his dispute wi... more
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Babylonian CaptivityThis phrase is used to describe three events: 1) the captivity of ancient Israel and exile to Babylon as related in the Old Testament; 2) the years wh... more III
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Diet of Worms(A.D. 1521) Luther testified before the emperor Charles V (the Civil authority who could execute physical penalties for heresy) at the Diet of Worms i... more
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Reformed Theology(A.D. 1522) Ulrich Zwingli begins publishing his writings in Zürich and begins the Reformed tradition of theology.
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Luther’s German New Testament(A.D. 1522) Luther publishes his German translation of the New Testament in September.
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Zurich accepts Reformed Theology(A.D. 1523) Following the First Zurich Disputation in January and a Second Disputation in October, the Zurich city accepts Zwingli’s Protestantism a... more
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Great Peasant War in Germany(A.D. 1524–1525)
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Erasmus Freedom of the Will(A.D. 1524) Erasmus publishes his book, Freedom of the Will, against Luther’s doctrines.
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Anabaptists executed(A.D. 1525) The first Anabaptists are executed in Switzerland.
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First Adult Baptism(A.D. 1525) In January, the first adult baptisms occur in Zurich in defiance with city law and marks the beginning of the Anabaptist (re-baptism) move... more
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Luther’s Bondage of the Will(A.D. 1525) Luther publishes Bondage of the Will, his response to Erasmus’s Freedom of the Will.
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Mughal Empire (India)(A.D. 1519) Magellan begins his maritime voyage from Spain with 5 ships and 270 men to circumnavigate the globe. Magellan and many others die during t... more
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Tyndale’s English New Testament
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Schleitheim Articles(A.D. 1527) Michael Sattler publishes the most important confessional document of the early Anabaptists, the Schleitheim Articles that articulate the ... more
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Ottoman Siege of Vienna(A.D. 1529) The Ottoman Empire besieges Vienna, but they fail to conquer the city and their advance into Europe is checked.
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Marburg ColloquyMeetings held between Luther and Zwingli and their respective supporters in 1529 in an attempt to the unify doctrinal beliefs of the Protestant moveme... more
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Protestant Title(A.D. 1529) At the Diet of Speyer, Lutheran princes lodge a formal protest against the enforcement of the Edict of Worms, thus giving birth to the nam... more
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Diet of Augsburg(A.D. 1530) The Diet, resembling a form of Medieval Great Council for the Holy Roman Empire, was convened irregularly at different locations. Notably,... more
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Schmalkald League(A.D. 1531) Protestant princes form the political and military alliance in Germany called the “Schmalkald League” for a defense against the likeli... more
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Queen ElizabethQueen Elizabeth I (A.D. 1533–1603) was Queen of England and Ireland and inherited a realm wracked with religious strife caused by her father, King H... more
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Ignatius Loyola begins(A.D. 1534) Ignatius Loyola assembles his first followers in Paris.
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royal supremacy(A.D. 1534) A law enacted by the English Parliament in 1534 at Henry VIII’s behest that made the king the supreme head of the Church in England. The... more
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City of Münster(A.D. 1534–1535) Revolutionary Anabaptists take over the city of Münster in an attempt to create a utopia in anticipation of the second coming of C... more
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Affair of the Placards(A.D. 1534) The Affair of the Placards turns King of France against his previous open-minded approach to religious reforms and leads to intensified me... more
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Act of SupremacyAct passed in 1534 by Parliament under Henry VIII’s direction declaring the king to be, “the only supreme head on earth of the Church of England,...
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Menno Simons is baptized(A.D. 1536) Menno Simons is baptized and begins ministering among the surviving Dutch Anabaptists after the Anabaptist fiasco in the city of Münster ... more
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Wittenberg ConcordMartin Bucer works out a compromise (A.D. 1536) regarding the Lord’s Supper known as the Wittenberg Concord between Luther and the Reformed Traditio... more
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