TIMELINE of Christian Theology – All

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B.C. | A.D. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st

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A.D. 292–348

Pachomius(A.D. 292–348) Pachomius was an early Christian from Egypt who established the tradition of communal monasticism. Prior to him, Christian asceticism... more

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c. A.D. 293–373

Athanasius(c. A.D. 296–373) Athanasius was a Bishop of Alexandria and was a leading proponent of orthodox trinitarianism in opposition to Arianism. His positi... more

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4th CENTURY

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4th Century A.D.

Ezana of Axum(4th Century A.D.) Ezana was taught by a Christian monk as a child and converted to Christianity. When he became King of Axum (modern day Ethiopia) in... more

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4th–6th centuries

Donatist Controversyinvolves a controversy arising in Carthage at the beginning of the 4th century and lasted until the 6th century. The dispute centered on the legitimac... more

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A.D. 313

Edict of Milan(A.D. 313) Emperor Constantine I and Emperor Licinius issued the Edict of Milan which expanded on the Edict of Toleration (Edict of Serdica) and grant... more

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A.D. 314

Council of ArlesThe first Council of Arles was held in 314 to deal with the Donatist controversy regarding the right of local churches to reject bishops due to allege... more

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4th Century

Arian ControversyAn extension of Logos subordinational theology advocated by Arius, a 4th century priest in Alexandrian, which asserted that Christ was simply a creati... more

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A.D. 320

Gupta Empire (India)(A.D. 320) The Gupta Empire emerges, eventually covering much of the Indian subcontinent and ushering in a golden age in India. more

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A.D. 321

Council in AlexandriaVarious local councils were held in Alexandria A.D. 306 to A.D. 633. The two most notable were the council held in A.D. 321 where the Arian Controvers... more

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A.D. 321–375

ValentinianValentinian (A.D. 321–375) is often considered the last great emperor of the Western Roman Empire. He established security through a series of succe... more

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c. A.D. 323–350

Constans(c. A.D. 323–350) Constans was the third son of Emperor Constantine and became Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. He followed Nicene orthodoxy and... more

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A.D. 325

First Council of Nicaea(A.D. 325) The First Council of Nicaea (the first ecumenical council) condemns the teaching of Arius and approves a creed containing the homoousios cl... more

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c. A.D. 330-379

Basil(c. A.D. 330-379) Older brother of Gregory of Nyssa and leader of the Cappadocian Fathers, who advocated a reformulation of Nicene theology that preva... more of Caesarea

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c. A.D. 330–390

Gregory of Naziansen(c. A.D. 330–390) Sometimes known as Gregory of Naziansen, one of the Cappadocian Fathers. Among the Eastern Orthodox he is called “Saint Gregory ... more

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A.D. 335

Council of Tyre(A.D. 335) Athanasius was deposed as Bishop of Alexandria by Arian sympathizers for using arms to enforce the Nicene creed at a local council held in ... more

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c. A.D. 335–394

Gregory of Nyssa(c. A.D. 335–394) One of the Cappadocian fathers, brother of Basil of Caesarea, and author of important works on the Trinity, including a brief but ... more

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c. A.D. 340 – A.D. 397

AmbroseAurelius Ambrosius (c. A.D. 340–397) was Bishop of Milan, which had by then become the capital of the Western Roman Empire. He had government experi... more

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A.D. 341

Council of Antioch(A.D. 341) A council involving approximately 100 Eastern bishops which attempted to displace the orthodox Nicene theology with a modified Arianism whi... more

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Died A.D. 341

Eusebius of Nicomedia(Died A.D. 341) Eusebius was a contemporary and supporter of Arius and became Bishop of Nicomedia in present-day Turkey. Eusebius exercised tremendous... more

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A.D. 343

Council of Sardica(A.D. 343) The Council of Sardica was convened in an attempt to resolve the Arian controversy. However, it was a complete failure with no meaningful p... more

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A.D. 347–395

TheodosiusTheodosius (A.D. 347–395) was Roman Emperor from A.D. 379 until his death. He was the last emperor to rule over a united Roman Empire, his two sons ... more

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A.D. 27 Mar 347–30 Sep 420

Jerome(A.D. 27 Mar 347–30 Sep 420) Jerome was a Catholic theologian who is best known for his translation of most of the Bible into Latin. Known as the Vu... more

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c. A.D. 350–428

Theodore of Mopsuestia(c. A.D. 350–428) Theodore was Bishop of Mopsuestia, located on the southeastern coast of Asia Minor, from A.D. 392 until his death. He was a major ... more

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A.D. 354–430

Augustine(A.D. 354-430) Bishop of Hippo in North Africa, the most influential theologian of the West, known especially for his doctrine of grace, including rel... more

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A.D. 355

Council of Milan(A.D. 355) Emperor Constantine declared, “What I will, let that be a canon,” or a law for the Church. more

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A.D. 359–383

GratianGratian (A.D. 359–383) was a Roman Emperor who enjoyed early success, but later disregarded his duties, leading to a revolt by the army and his assa... more

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c. A.D. 360–435

John Cassian(c. A.D. 360–435) John Cassian was a Christian monk and theologian who is best known for his writings on Christian mysticism. He is credited with a ... more

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A.D. 371-392

Valentinian II(A.D. 371-392) Valentinian II was Emperor in the Western Roman Empire from A.D. 375 until 392. He was essentially a figurehead for other dominant and ... more

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c. A.D. 378–444

CyrilCyril of Alexandria (c. A.D. 378-444) Nestorius opponent, Bishop of Alexandria, dominant figure at the Council of Ephesus 431, known for his Christolo... more of Alexandria

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A.D. 378

Battle of Adrianople(A.D. 378) Eastern Roman Emperor Valens sought a decisive victory against rebellious Goths in the Balkans region, yet the tables turned against him, r... more

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c. A.D. 380–439

Socrates the Historian(c. A.D. 380–439) Socrates was a Christian historian who wrote a history of Christianity covering the years A.D. 305–439. His history was generall... more

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c. A.D. 380–456

Eutyches(c. A.D. 380–456) Eutyches was an ecclesiastical leader in Constantinople. During the First Council of Ephesus, he vigorously denounced Nestorius an... more

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A.D. 381

Constantinople Creed(A.D. 381) Adopted at the Second Ecumenical Council in Constantinople, the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed expands and elaborates upon the original Ni... more

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A.D. 381

Council of Aquileia(A.D. 381) A council regarding the Arian teachings of two deposed Bishops from the Eastern Roman Empire. Organized by Ambrose, the council was attende... more

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A.D. 381

First Council of Constantinople(A.D. 381) The First Council of Constantinople (the second ecumenical council) approves an expanded version of the creed of Nicaea, which is today cal... more

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Died A.D. 382

Apollinaris of Laodicea(Died A.D. 382) Apollinaris was Bishop of Laodicea in Syria. He was an opponent of Arianism whose Christological views were also declared heretical at... more

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A.D. 385

Augustine begins writing(A.D. 385) Thirty-one-year-old Augustine converts to Christianity and begins writing Christian theological works. more

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A.D. 397

Councils of Carthagelocal councils of the Church with two of the most notable being the council held in 397 that listed the canon of scripture as the same currently accep... more

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fl. early 5th century

Nestorius(fl. early 5th century) Archbishop of Constantinople who denied that Mary was theotokos or Mother of God. His Christology was accused of splitting Chr... more

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5th CENTURY

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c. A.D. 400–450

Sozomen(c. A.D. 400–450) Sozomen was a Christian historian who wrote two histories of Christianity covering the time from Christ’s ascension to A.D. 425.... more

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5th century A.D.

Eusebius Bishop of Dorylaeum(5th century A.D.) Eusebius was the Bishop of Dorylaeum, a community in present-day Turkey. He was a player in the Christological disputes of the time... more

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A.D. 401–450

Theodosius IITheodosius II (A.D. 401–450) was an Eastern Roman Emperor, and he best known for commissioning a compilation of the laws in a single code, primarily... more

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c. 405 A.D.

VulgateA Latin version of the Bible, composed in the 4th Century AD for use in the Roman Church, and which displaced a plethora of previous competing Latin t... more

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A.D. 410

Rome Sacked(A.D. 410) The Visigoths sack Rome, no longer the capital of the Roman Empire, but still its cultural and spiritual center. more

A.D. 410 The VisigothsThe western branch of the GermanicReferring to an Indo-European ethnic group of people originating in northern Europe. The Roman Empire bordered on Germanic lands for centuries and the... more Goths who sacked Rome. They were later granted foederati (allied) status by the Western Roman Empire(27 B.C.) After a period of unrest and competing generals jockeying for power, Octavian, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, becomes the first official ... more, and they esta... more sack Rome, no longer the capital of the Roman Empire(27 B.C.) After a period of unrest and competing generals jockeying for power, Octavian, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, becomes the first official ... more, but still its cultural and spiritual center. Please share if you found this post informative.

fl. 410–420

Pelagius(fl. A.D. 410–420) British monk, spiritual advisor, and theologian whose teaching gave rise to Pelagianism, the view against which Augustine’s doc... more

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A.D. 420

Jin Empire Ends(A.D. 420) The Jin Dynasty ends as Emperor Gong abdicates his throne after Jin territory is fractured by internal strife and rebellion. more

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A.D. 430

Council in AlexandriaVarious local councils were held in Alexandria A.D. 306 to A.D. 633. The two most notable were the council held in A.D. 321 where the Arian Controvers... more

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A.D. 431

Council of Ephesus(431 A.D.) The Council of Ephesus (the third ecumenical council), led by Cyril of Alexandria, condemns Nestorius and his Christology; the council emph... more

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A.D. 449

Robber CouncilPope Leo I referred to the Second Council of Ephesus as the “Robber Council” for allegedly taking action without proper representation from variou... more

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A.D. 449

Second Council of Ephesus(A.D. 449) Convened by Emperor Theodosius II, this council addressed a dispute about the nature of Christ, ultimately rejecting Nestorianism which str... more

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A.D. 451

Council of Chalcedona council held in Chalcedon in A.D. 451 to deal with the Nestorian controversy regarding the nature and incarnation of Christ. Some eastern churches o... more

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Died A.D. 454

Dioscorus of Alexandria(Died A.D. 454) Dioscorus was the last Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria to attend a Western council, the Council at Chalcedon. There, he was deposed f... more

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Died A.D. 10 Nov 461

Leo the Great(Died A.D. 10 Nov 461) Leo I became pope in A.D. 440 and was instrumental in establishing the duel nature of Christ through the “Tome of Leo” as t... more

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c. A.D. 466–511

ClovisClovis I (c. A.D. 466–511) was a Frankish chieftain who united the Frankish tribes under the rule of one king. He ensured his kingship descended to ... more

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A.D. 475

First Council of Lyon(A.D. 475) The concept of predestination as taught by Augustine was condemned. Subsequent councils, particularly the Council of Orange (A.D. 592) adop... more

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A.D. 477–524

BoethiusAnicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (A.D. 477–524) was a Roman statesman and theologian who came into public service under the Ostrogothic King Theod... more

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A.D. 480

Western Roman Empire Ends(A.D. 480) The Western Roman Empire officially ends after the Germanic king, Odoacer, conquered the Italian peninsula and established his own Kingdom ... more

A.D. 480 The Western Roman Empire(27 B.C.) After a period of unrest and competing generals jockeying for power, Octavian, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, becomes the first official ... more officially ends after the GermanicReferring to an Indo-European ethnic group of people originating in northern Europe. The Roman Empire(27 B.C.) After a period of unrest and competing generals jockeying for power, Octavian, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, becomes the first official ... more bordered on GermanicReferring to an Indo-European ethnic group of people originating in northern Europe. The Roman Empire bordered on Germanic lands for centuries and the... more lands for centuries and the... more king, Odoacer, conquered the Italian peninsula and established his own Kingdom of Italy. Please share if you found this post informative.

c. A.D. 2 Mar 480–21 Mar 547

Benedict(c. A.D. 2 Mar 480–21 Mar 547) also known as Saint Benedict of Nurcia. He is credited with founding modern monasticism through his written rule for ... more

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c. A.D. 482–565

JustinianJustinian I (c. A.D. 482–565) was an Eastern Roman Emperor who sought to reunite the Empire after the collapse of the West. He also had Hagia Sophia... more

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A.D. 484-519

Acacian Schisma separation between the western church in Rome and the eastern church in the Byzantine empire that lasted 34 years between A.D. 484-519. more

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c. A.D. 500–548

Theodora(c. A.D. 500–548) Theodora was Empress of the Eastern Roman Empire through her marriage to Emperor Justinian I. In religious matters, she supported ... more

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6th CENTURY

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fl. c. 500

Dionysius(fl. c. A.D. 500) Pseudo Dionysius Christian neo-Platonist theologian, in the west called Saint Denys (or Denis), and by modern scholars labeled Pseud... more

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A.D. 550

Gupta Empire Ends(A.D. 550 ) The Gupta Empire collapses after being weakened by its costly but ultimately successful efforts at pushing back invading Huns. more

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A.D. 553

Second Council of Constantinople(A.D. 553) The Second Council of Constantinople which is generally accepted as the fifth ecumenical council, follows a Cyrillian interpretation of the... more

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Died A.D. 555

Vigilius(Died A.D. 555) Vigilius was Bishop of Rome and Pope from A.D. 537 until his death. He schemed with Empress Theodora to gain his position, suggesting ... more

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c. A.D. 560–636

Isidore of Seville(c. A.D. 560–636) Isidore of Seville was the Archbishop of Seville and is often considered the last scholar of the ancient world. He played a critic... more

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c. A.D. 570–632

MuhammadMuhammad ibn Abdullah (c. A.D. 570–632) founded the Islamic faith, based on the Quran and the belief that he was the final prophet sent by God to co... more

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c. A.D. 580–662

Maxiumus the Confessor

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c. A.D. 580–662

Maximus the Confessor(c. A.D. 580–662) Maximus the Confessor was a Christian monk and theologian based in Constantinople. Maximus featured prominently in the Christologi... more

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A.D. 581

Sui Empire (China)(A.D. 581) The Sui Dynasty rises and reunites China under its imperial rule. more

A.D. 581 The Sui Dynasty rises and reunites China under its imperial rule. Please share if you found this post informative.

A.D. 589

Third Council of Toledo(A.D. 589) In this council, the Visigothic kingdom in Spain accepted the Roman Catholic faith and repudiated its Arian tradition. more

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A.D. 592

Council of Orange(A.D. 592) Adopted modified versions of Augustine’s ideas regarding grace and original sin as official doctrine and condemned Pelagianism. more

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7th CENTURY

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died A.D. 12 Mar 604

Gregory the Great(died A.D. 12 Mar 604) Gregory I became pope in 590 and earned the designation “great” due to his insistence of the authority of the papacy and th... more

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A.D. 632

Rashidun Caliphate(A.D. 632) The Rashidun Caliphate begins upon the death of Muhammad, who united the Arabian tribes under Islam. The Rashidun Caliphate eventually conq... more

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A.D. 651

Sassanid Empire Ends(A.D. 651) After losing a catastrophic war with the Eastern Roman Empire (later denominated the Byzantine Empire), the Sassanid Empire is conquered by... more

A.D. 224–651 After losing a catastrophic war with the Eastern Roman Empire(27 B.C.) After a period of unrest and competing generals jockeying for power, Octavian, the adopted son of Julius Caesar, becomes the first official ... more (later denominated the Byzantine Empire), the Sassanid Empire(A.D. 224) The rebellion which overthrew the Parthian Empire(247 B.C.) Parthia (a region in the northeast of modern day Iran) gains independence in a rebellion against the Seleucid Empire, eventually becoming t... more establishes the Sassanid Empire(A.D. 224) The rebellion which overthrew the Parthian Empire establishes the Sassanid Empire which quickly expands to fill the territorial space of th... more which quickly expands to fill the territorial space of th... more is conquered by invading Arab armies. Please share if you found this post informative.

A.D. 651

Umayyad Caliphate(A.D. 661) The Umayyad Caliphate begins, extending its territory to include the whole of North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, and the Indus Valley reg... more

A.D. 651 The Umayyad Caliphate(A.D. 661) The Umayyad Caliphate(A.D. 661) The Umayyad Caliphate begins, extending its territory to include the whole of North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, and the Indus Valley reg... more begins, extending its territory to include the whole of North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, and the Indus Valley reg... more begins, extending its territory to include the whole of North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, and the Indus Valley region. Please share if you found this post informative.

c. A.D. 673–735

BedeBede (c. A.D. 673–735) was an English monk. Bede wrote the Ecclesiastical History of the English People, thereby becoming known as the Father of Eng... more

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A.D. 681

Third Council of Constantinople duel nature of Christ(A.D. 681) The Third Council of Constantinople, which is generally accepted to be the sixth ecumenical council, rejects the teaching that there is onl... more

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A.D. 618

Tang Empire (China)(A.D. 618) The Sui Dynasty collapses after overextending itself through ambitious military campaigns and infrastructure projects. After a brief civil ... more

A.D. 618–907 The Sui Dynasty collapses after overextending itself through ambitious military campaigns and infrastructure projects. After a brief civil war, the Tang Dynasty assumes control of Imperial China and would lead it into a golden age. Please share if you found this post informative.

c. A.D. 688–741

Charles MartelCharles Martel (c. A.D. 688–741) became the power behind the throne of the Merovingian dynasty. He saved western Christianity by defeating Islamic i... more

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8th CENTURY

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c. A.D. 714–768

PepinPepin (c. A.D. 714–768) was a son of Charles Martel, who, with his brother Carloman, ruled over Frankia behind Merovingian figurehead King Childeric... more

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A.D. 732

Battle of Tours(A.D. 732) A pivotal battle in which Charles Martel’s infantry repelled an invading Muslim force, effectively halting the Muslim advance and saving ... more

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c. A.D. 735–804

AlcuinAlcuin (c. A.D. 735–804) was an English clergyman and scholar who joined Charlemagne’s court, becoming a leading intellect behind the Carolingian ... more

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A.D. 737

Charles Martel becomes KingCharles Martel becomes the acting king of the Franks (A.D. 737) after having halted the Islamic advance in Western Europe, extended the territory of F... more

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c. A.D. 742–814

CharlemagneCharlemagne (c. A.D. 742–814) was the eldest son of Pepin, who became sole ruler of the Franks upon the death of his younger brother Carloman. Charl... more

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A.D. 750

Abbasid Caliphate(A.D. 750) The Abbasid Caliphate begins, which loses control of territory in Iberia and the western portion of North Africa but extends control into S... more

Qcjm: testing iconA Greek word for “image” that is used to describe images of Jesus(c. 4 B.C.–A.D. 30-33) Also known as Jesus of Nazareth, Jesus Christ, the Messiah, and Savior of the World. He is the founding figure of Christianit... more, saintsIs a term used in the New Testament for Christian believers. In Roman Catholicism it refers to officially canonized, deceased holy men and women who c... more, and angels that are venerated by Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholics. more in content Please share if you found this post informative.

A.D. 768

Charlemagne becomes KingCharlemagne, the grandson of Charles Martel, becomes King of the Franks (A.D. 768) and would go on to expand Frankish territory and usher in the Carol... more

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A.D. 787

Second Council of Nicaea & Veneration of icons(A.D. 787) The Second Council of Nicaea, which is generally accepted to be the seventh ecumenical council, rejects iconoclasm and declares that people... more

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A.D. 793

Viking AgeA.D. 793 Viking Age begins during which the Norse people from Scandinavia explore, trade, settle, and conquer territories throughout Europe, ultimatel... more

A.D. 793 Viking AgeA.D. 793 Viking AgeA.D. 793 Viking Age begins during which the Norse people from Scandinavia explore, trade, settle, and conquer territories throughout Europe, ultimatel... more begins during which the Norse people from Scandinavia explore, trade, settle, and conquer territories throughout Europe, ultimatel... more begins during which the Norse people from Scandinavia explore, trade, settle, and conquer territories throughout Europe, ultimately exerting an extremely disruptive influence throughout the region. Please share if you found this post informative.

c. A.D. 800–867

Nicholas I(c. A.D. 800–867) Stressed the supremacy of the Pope in both ecclesiastical and royal matters, relying for the first time on the False Decretals inc... more

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A.D. 800

Charlemagne Crowned EmperorCharlemagne is crowned as Emperor of the Romans by Pope Leo III (A.D. 800). more

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9th CENTURY

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c. A.D. 810–893

Photius I(c. A.D. 810–893) Photius I was an Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, head of the Eastern Orthodox Churches. His elevation was the basis for a ... more

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A.D. 815–885

Methodius(A.D. 815–885) Methodius was a Byzantine Christian theologian and missionary to the Slavic people. He was critical in developing the first Slavic li... more

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c. A.D. 826–869

Cyril of Thessalonica(c. A.D. 826–869) Cyril of Thessalonica was a Byzantine Christian theologian and missionary to the Slavic people. He was critical in developing the ... more

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c. A.D. 847–899

Alfred the GreatAlfred the Great (c. A.D. 847–899) was King of Wessex who, in the face of Viking invasions of the British Isles, became the first King of the Anglo-... more

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A.D. 882

Kievan Rus(A.D. 882) The Kievan Rus civilization emerges in Eastern Europe, likely founded by a Scandinavian ruling elite, and occasionally ruled over by Viking... more

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Died. A.D. 885

Adrian III(Died. A.D. 885) Adrian III was Pope from 884 until his death in 885. He worked to alleviate the suffering of the people in Italy during a period of f... more

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10th CENTURY

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A.D. 907

Tang Empire Ends(A.D. 907) The Tang Dynasty in China falls to a rebellion after a long struggle against the tendency of regional generals to assume ever greater amoun... more

A.D. 618–907 The Tang Dynasty in China falls to a rebellion after a long struggle against the tendency of regional generals to assume ever greater amounts of autonomyA term that literally means to give yourself the lawIs a fundamental concept of Luthernism and is contrasted by Luther with the Gospel. For Luther, the law consists of God’s commands regarding how one... more. This idea was central to Kant’s moral theory that reason gives itself the moral lawIs a fundamental concept of Luthernism and is contrasted by Luther with the Gospel. For Luther, the law consists of God’s commands regarding how one... more. more. China is fractured and governed by numerous kingdoms. Please share if you found this post informative.

c. A.D. 950–1250

Medieval Warm Period(c. A.D. 950–1250) A period in which Europe’s climate benefited from unusual warming. more

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c. A.D. 956–1015

Vladimir I(c. A.D. 956–1015) Vladimir I also known as Vladimir the Great was the Rus leader in Kiev whose conversion to Christianity established Christianity... more

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A.D. 962

Holy Roman Empire(A.D. 962) The Holy Roman Empire emerges in the Germanic areas and Northern Italy with Otto I assuming the imperial crown descended from Charlemagne. more

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c. A.D. 965–1040

Alhacen(c. A.D. 965–1040) Alhacen was a Muslim polymath during the Islamic Golden Age. He explained the basics of the scientific method approximately 500 y... more

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c. A.D. 980–1037

AvicennaAvicenna (c. A.D. 980–1037) was a Muslim Persian scholar and prolific thinker on a wide range of topics, contributing significantly to the Islamic G... more

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11th CENTURY

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c. A.D. 1000–1059

Michael Cerularius(c. A.D. 1000–1059) Michael Cerularius was born in Constantinople and became the Patriarch of Constantinople in A.D. 1043. He disputed with Pope Leo... more

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c. 1000 A.D.

High Middle AgesA period of European history from approximately A.D. 1000 – A.D. 1250. It followed the Early Middle Ages (i.e., the “Dark Ages”), and was charac... more

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c. A.D. 1000–1061

Humbert(c. A.D. 1000–1061) Was a French Benedictine monk and friend of Pope Leo IX, who sent Humber to Constantinople to mediate a dispute with the Eastern... more

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c. A.D. 1000

Gunpowder Developed(c. A.D. 1000) The Chinese discover gunpowder. more

c. A.D. 1000 The Chinese discover gunpowder. Please share if you found this post informative.

A.D. 1002–1054

Leo IX(A.D. 1002–1054) Pope Leo IX was born to a noble family in the Alsace region of what was then part of the Holy Roman Empire. He played an instrument... more

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c. A.D. 1015–1085

Gregory VII(c. A.D. 1015–1085) Gregory VII was Bishop of Rome and Pope from A.D. 1073 until his death in 1085. Pope Gregory VII successfully asserted the Papal... more

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c. A.D. 1033–1109

Anselm(c. 1033–1109 A.D.) Monk, then abbot of Bec in Normandy, then archbishop of Canterbury (1093–1109); the first great medieval theologian of the Wes... more

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c. A.D. 1035–1099

Urban II(c. A.D. 1035–1099) Urban II was Bishop of Rome and Pope from A.D. 1088 until his death in 1099. He initiated the First Crusade, promising forgivene... more

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A.D. 1037

Seljuk Turk Empire(A.D. 1037) The Seljuk Turks establish an empire which displaces the political power of the Abbasid Caliphate, leaving the Abbasid dynasty with largel... more

A.D. 1037 The Seljuk Turks establish an empire which displaces the political power of the Abbasid Caliphate(A.D. 750) The Abbasid Caliphate(A.D. 750) The Abbasid Caliphate begins, which loses control of territory in Iberia and the western portion of North Africa but extends control into S... more begins, which loses control of territory in Iberia and the western portion of North Africa but extends control into S... more, leaving the Abbasid dynasty with largely ceremonial and religious influence. Please share if you found this post informative.

A.D. 1040

Movable Type Developed(A.D. 1040) The Chinese invent movable type. more

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A.D. 1040–1105

Rashi(A.D. 1040–1105) Rashi was a medieval French rabbi. He wrote highly influential commentaries on the Tanakh and the Talmud. more

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A.D. 1054

Great Divorce Eastern & Western Church(A.D. 1054) Western and Eastern churches official split resulting in Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy. more

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A.D. 1066

Viking Age Ends(A.D. 1066) The Viking Age draws to a close as the last major military offensive by the Norse is defeated by the Anglo-Saxon king Harold Godwinson. more

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A.D. 1066

Normans Conquer England(A.D. 1066) William I, the Duke of Normandy in France and direct descendant from Viking leaders who settled in the area 100 years earlier, crosses the... more

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A.D. 1076–1084

Gregory VII & Henry IV(A.D. 1076–1084) The conflict between Pope Gregory VII and the Emperor Henry IV regarding lay investiture. more

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A.D. 1079 – A.D. 1142

AbelardPeter Abelard (A.D. 1079–1142) was a preeminent logician and theologian who firmly fixed the tradition of scholasticism, the attempt to provide a fo... more

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A.D. 1090–A.D. 1153

Bernard of ClairvauxBernard of Clairvaux (A.D. 1090–1153) reformed Medieval monasticism, forming the Cistercian Order. He was critical in establishing Innocent II as po... more

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c. A.D. 1090–1155

Arnold of Brescia(c. A.D. 1090–1155) Arnold was an Italian priest who sought to have the Church renounce property ownership and participated in a failed attempt to r... more

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A.D. 1093

Anselm becomes the archbishop of Canterbury(A.D. 1093) more

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A.D. 1095

Council of Clermont(A.D. 1095) Led by Pope Urban II, this council included the call to arms for the First Crusade and reaffirmed several ongoing matters within the Weste... more

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A.D. 1095

First Crusade(A.D. 1095) Pope Urban II calls the First Crusade in response the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Emperor’s plea for help against the Seljuk Turks. The Cr... more

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c. A.D. 1096–1160

Peter LombardPeter Lombard (c. A.D. 1096–1160) was a prominent theologian who briefly became Bishop of Paris before his death. Lombard’s magnum opus, Four Book... more

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12th CENTURY

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A.D. 1126 – A.D. 1198

AverroesAverroes (A.D. 1126–1198) was a Muslim Andalusian scholar and thinker on numerous topics during the Islamic Golden Age. Although his influence in th... more

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Died c. A.D. 1131

Peter of Bruys(Died c. A.D. 1131) Peter of Bruys was a leader of a movement in France which rejected infant baptism, the building of churches, the use of the cross,... more

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c. A.D. 1135–1204

MaimonidesMaimonides (c. A.D. 1135–1204) was a Jewish philosopher from Cordoba under the Islamic Almoravid Empire. His work on the Talmud was considered persu... more

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A.D. 1137–1193

Saladin(A.D. 1137–1193) Saladin founded the Ayyubid dynasty and Sultan of Egypt of Syria. During his reign, his domains included Egypt, Syria, Upper Mesopo... more

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c. A.D. 1140–1205

Peter Waldo(c. A.D. 1140–1205) Peter Waldo was the leader of a medieval Christian spiritual movement known as the Waldensians. Waldo advocated for simplicity a... more

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A.D. 1145

Second Crusade(A.D. 1145) French and German armies respond to the call by various preachers for a crusade because of some Muslim military success in the Middle East... more

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c. A.D. 1160–1216

Innocent III(c. A.D. 1160–1216) Innocent III was Pope from A.D. 1198 until his death in 1216. He was one of the most influential Popes in Medieval Europe. He us... more

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c. A.D. 1181–1226

Francis of AssisiFrancis of Assisi (c. A.D. 1181–1226) was born to a wealthy Italian merchant and French noblewoman. Francis’s youth was typical for his time and c... more

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A.D. 1184

Council of Verona(A.D. 1184) The inquisition began at the Council of Verona when bishops were directed to search out heretics in the district and to turn them over to ... more

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A.D. 1189

Third Crusade(A.D. 1189) Pope Gregory VIII calls for a Third Crusade in response to Saladin’s conquest of Jerusalem. The Third Crusade was led by several of Euro... more

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A.D. 1194

Seljuk Turk Empire(A.D. 1037) The Seljuk Turks establish an empire which displaces the political power of the Abbasid Caliphate, leaving the Abbasid dynasty with largel... more Ends

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c. A.D. 1195–1254

Innocent IV(c. A.D. 1195–1254) Innocent IV was Pope from A.D. 1243 until his death in 1254. In the First Council of Lyons, Innocent IV had the Holy Roman Emper... more

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13th CENTURY

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A.D. 1201

Fourth Crusade(A.D. 1201) Pope Innocent III calls for the Fourth Crusade, which was hijacked by the Venetians seeking to place a puppet king on the throne of the By... more

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A.D. 1213

England a fief of the pope(A.D. 1213) King John of England makes England a fief of the pope after Pope Innocent III excommunicates him and places the country under interdict. more

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A.D. 1215

4th Lateran council(A.D. 1215) The fourth Lateran council meeting at Rome establishes the medieval sacramental system, including the obligation of private confession and... more & the Sacraments

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