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HISTORY of Christian Theology
The Schleitheim Articles were the first confession of faith written by any Protestant group. Even though they were not intended to lay out the Anabaptist’s full systematic theology, they provide an early source outlining some of the fundamental teachings of the Anabaptists soon after they broke away from the reformed Protestant movement in Switzerland. Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz were not satisfied with Zwingli’s approach of a slow transition from Catholicism to a Reformed Church. They wanted immediate radical change. In 1525, the Zurich city council held a debate between the Anabaptist leaders and Zwingli, and when it sided with Zwingli, the city council condemned the Anabaptists as heretics worthy of death. Grebel immediately baptized several followers as an act of defiance. The Anabaptists started to leave Zurich and spread their message throughout Europe, sparking similar oppression. The Holy Roman Emperor, King Ferdinand, declared drowning was “the best antidote to Anabaptism” and sarcastically called it their third baptism.

In 1527, after Grebel had died and Manz was executed, Michael Sattler wrote the Schleitheim Articles laying out the Anabaptists’ position of complete separation from abomination (the rest of society) and acknowledged that persecution and suffering would be natural consequences of their faith. They believed that persecution was a sign of the true Church of God since the fallen world would always oppose God’s elect until his return. The theology of suffering and the doctrine of nonviolence and loving one’s enemies have become core Anabaptist beliefs, particularly after a horrific deviation from this fundamental belief by a small spinoff group in Munster.

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