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HISTORY of Christian Theology

go to previous table of contents:

Period I – The Early and Medieval Church

 

Period II – The High Middle Ages and The Protestant Reformation

1 – Power Struggle:
The Papacy, the State and Councils

Changes in how popes were selected arose in response to the development of a three-way power struggle between kings, the papacy and the councils of bishops. This power struggle continued to influence major developments in Christianity into the modern era. …more

2 – Medieval Scholasticism, the Incomprehensible God, and Supernatural Grace

Beginning in the eleventh century, Christianity in the West experienced a revival that set the course for the rest of the Middle Ages up to the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century. It began in the monasteries and led to the creation of the Dominican and Franciscan mendicant orders, papal reforms, the construction of cathedrals, and the establishment of the world’s first universities. …more

3 – The High Middle Ages and the Three Estates

The upheaval of European society after the fall of the Roman Empire had been a long and tumultuous transition period which by the year 1000, had basically settled into the medieval culture that continued to the modern era. …more

4 – Providence and Sacramentality

God was not just some abstract concept in the back of a medieval person’s mind. He was mysteriously present throughout all creation. This is the Catholic concept of sacramentality: …more

5 – Early Christianity, Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Mysticism

Few people realize the foundational role that mysticism has played in Christianity. Christianity consciously abandoned rationality and pursued a mystical path when it accepted the concepts of the Trinity, with God being three persons in one. The incarnation of Christ is also mystical in that he is wholly divine and wholly human at the same time, without these two natures being intermingled. Historically, aspects of mysticism are found in all religions so it is normal that it has established a home in Christianity as well. …more

6 – The Renaissance and Christian Humanism

The high Middle Ages from the year 1,000 to 1,300 was a period of unprecedented prosperity, religious reform, and educational expansion. …more

7 – Early Reformers and Pre-Modern Thinkers

Four years after Thomas Aquinas died, the bishop of Paris published The Condemnation of 1277, listing 219 philosophical and theological theses that he claimed were heretical. He threatened to excommunicate anyone who read or listened to them. …more

8 – Martin Luther’s Law and Gospel

The resolution of Martin Luther’s (1483–1546) personal spiritual crisis led to a movement that changed the world. …more

9 – The Early Protestant Reformation

Albrecht of Brandenburg bought the office of archbishop of Mainz in Germany from the pope when he was only sixteen years old, which was against canon law because he was underage. He did not have the money to pay the pope, so he borrowed it from the large Fugger Bank of Augsburg. …more

10 – Calvin and the Church Reformed  

Although Martin Luther is properly credited with initiating the Protestant Reformation, the main trajectory of Protestantism was developing independently in Switzerland at the same time. …more

11 – Christian Theories Regarding the Atonement  

The heart of Christian theology is redemption, which revolves around the atonement of Jesus Christ. …more

12 – The Anglican Communion and Presbyterianism  

The Reformed tradition expanded to Great Britan where it was quasi- adopted by King Henry VIII and his daughter, Queen Elizabeth I. It also spawned other Protestant groups, including the Presbyterians in Scotland under the direction of John Knox, along with the Puritans, Baptists, and Congregationalists in England. Protestantism, however, developed differently in England than it did in other areas because it was tied directly to political developments involving the crown and Parliament. …more

13 – Anabaptists and Moravians  

Two early traditions of Protestantism left lasting marks on the development of Christian theology but have faded and are nearly forgotten today: Anabaptists and Moravians. Both groups were considered radical by other Protestants and Catholics and were severely persecuted by them. …more

14 – Puritans, Baptists and Quakers  

Two early traditions of Protestantism left lasting marks on the development of Christian theology but have faded and are nearly forgotten today: Anabaptists and Moravians. Both groups were considered radical by other Protestants and Catholics and were severely persecuted by them. …more

15 – Comparison of Catholic, Lutheran, and Reformed Theologies  

Two early traditions of Protestantism left lasting marks on the development of Christian theology but have faded and are nearly forgotten today: Anabaptists and Moravians. Both groups were considered radical by other Protestants and Catholics and were severely persecuted by them. …more
 

go to previous table of contents:

Period I – The Early and Medieval Church

go to next table of contents:

Period III – Modern Christianity

Additional Resources

on Amazon:

How We Got the Bible

How We Got the Bible

by Timothy Paul Jones

Dr. Timothy Paul Jones gives easy-to-understand answers to popular questions on the Bible s reliability and accuracy.

Christian Theology

Christian Theology: An Introduction 6th Edition

by Alister E. McGrath

“For sheer comprehensiveness, clarity, and coherence, Alister McGrath has produced the definitive textbook."

The Christian Theology Reader

The Christian Theology Reader

by Alister E. McGrath

It brings together more than 350 readings from over 200 sources that chart 2,000 years of Christian history, situates each reading within the appropriate historical and theological context with its own introduction, commentary, and study questions.

Book, The Human Quest for Meaning
 

The Human Quest for Meaning

Award-winning author traces the arc of religious and philosophical history with scholarly rigor while delivering a reference guide that reads like a story.

Available in hardback, audio, paperback and e‑book.

Church History in Plain Language

Church History in Plain Language

by Bruce Shelley and Marshall Shelley

Like a skilled screenwriter, Shelley tells his readers stories of actual people, in a particular situation, to provide a window into the circumstances and historical context to understand the major isues of Christian history during each stage of its development.

Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years

Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years

by Diarmaid MacCulloch

The New York Times bestseller and definitive history of Christianity for our time.

The Story of the Christian Church

The Story of the Christian Church

by Jesse Lyman Hurlbut

Dr. Hurlbut retells this story in an objective, concise, and clear style, emphasizing the spirit of the church, its growth and maturation, and the causes leading to historic events and their resulting influence.

The Story of Christianity, Vol 2

The Story of Christianity, Vol. 2: The Reformation to the Present Day

by Justo L. Gonzalez

Gonzalez’s astute scholarship, lucid prose, and impassioned focus tell the narrative history of Christianity, beginning with the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century and leading all the way up to present day.

History of the Christian Church, 8 volumes

History Of The Christian Church (The Complete Eight Volumes In One)

by Philip Schaff

Schaff meticulously examines the growth of Christian doctrine, the evolution of church institutions, and the profound impact of key figures and events on global religious history.

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